NEGenWeb Project
Resource Center
On-Line Library

town at work in the garden. Like all new countries before the people get settled or have time to make places of worship there is but little regard paid to the Sabbath. Br. Cook is often prevented from attending church in consequence of the arrival of a Steamer with freight for Mr Rogers which must be received and charges paid or the goods would be taken back on the boat. From Mr. Tuttle's farm I returned to Omaha just in time for my dinner. The Steamer "John Warner" had arrived from St Louis. After dinner took a ride with the General and family.  returned to an early supper. during the evening the steamer "New Monongahalia" came up.

     Monday 18 -- Commenced the business of the day by revising Saturdays work, after which went up to Saratoga returned half past eleven got a letter from home, dated May 3^d and mailed the 4^th enclosed was one for Miss Augusta and one for me from wife, son and daughter. I wish I could receive one every week. I presume my last letter is received this day. Mr Tuttle is still absent which. fact keeps me undecided as to my future course of business. This evening about dark the Steamer "Spread Eagle" passed up without stopping. She was in imploy of the fur company or the government and her only load was supplies for the North.

     Tuesday, 19 -- This morning we have four boats in, the The "A. C. Goddin" "Silver Heels" and "Emma" from St Louis and the "Omaha" on her return from up Country. Mr. Goodwill died this morning at one o'clock. His death is a great blow to Omaha and Saratoga. he was one of the first pioneers and kept the first house of entertainment in the place, known as the "big six". His doors have ever been open to the Emigrant, and although he he kept a public house but a short time, he was always at the boats, to look after the interest of new comers and give up his own bed while he would take the floor He has been twice a member of the Territorial Council, and at his death was Receiver of taxes for the County and city, was Alderman of Omaha and Chairman of the Executive Committe of the "Sulphur Spring Land Co. His whole energies were at work to build up this region which has made others wealthy while he has worked more and accumulated less. The rise on his property here has however left his family in comfortable circumstances. The loss of his only son, a boy about 14 years of age, last winter we think has had the effect to so wear on his mind as to impair his bodily health. Immediately after breakfast went up to Saratoga. Returned to the Company Meeting and we commenced drawing for lots, and waked until ten at night when we adjourned until morning

     Wednesday - 20 -- Continued the drawing untill about noon at which time we had drawn twelve lots to a share, tho the number dessignated for the first drawing

     After dinner preparations were being made by the "odd Fellows" and others to attend Mr Goodwills funeral. The attendance bade fare to be a large one. I accordingly repaired to Saratoga and looked out and staked Some of the lots I had drawn. Came home, right tired, to a late supper

     Thursday, 21. -- This day has mostly been consumed at a meeting of the Sulphur Spring Land Co. At which I was elected Chairman of the Executive Committee, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Mr Goodwill  The most important duties I shall have to perform is the making of and executing Contracts with persons receiving donation lots the whole business of donations is in my hands  I objected to accepting at first but I have made myself so familliar with the ground, I was selected in spite of my opposition. Received a letter from Dr. Gray under date of May 8^th. Mr. Gridley made his appearance here this morning came in on the 'Emma yesterday.

     Friday, 22. -- Spent the forenoon in arranging the papers of the Executive Committee and donating eight lots  Afternoon went up to Saratoga. Called on a Mr Smiley from Ohio, who has just got into his house brought with him from Pittsburgh. The company gave him one of the best locations on the corner of Audubon and fifteenth Streets. It commands a most delightful view of the river, Omaha City and surrounding country. One consideration of Mr Smiley's getting the location he did was his large family consisting of one Son and five Daughters the Daughters all marriageable. The oldest is cast still as a teacher the next wishes to teach hear. I presume we shall have a School in operation by fall. There is now as many as twenty small children living in Saratoga where ten days ago there was none

     Saturday, 23. -- An excessively warm day with a strong wind from the South making it very unpleasant out of doors on account both of heat and dust.

     This days mail brought me a pile of reading matter, papers from Newyork, Buffalo and Auburn also Mr. Browns paper from Kansas and a letter from Mr. Brown and one from Harriet. The papers were very opportune as they helped to pass away this hot dusty day. From the Auburn paper I learn what Dr. Gray had before written me that Mrs. Woodruff and Brennan were indicted. I cannot see what will prevent their being found guilty although Frank writes doubtfull.  The letter from Harriet was partly to me and part to Cook and in answer to one I wrote asking for my pen which was enclosed they were well even to "red head"

     Mr. Brown in his letter still urges me to come to Lawrence, he says "Kansas is the place to make money "Sure as you are born." If I fail to get into business suited to me here I shall go to Lawrence. Mr Tuttle is expected by the first boat a letter received by the Teller of the Bank this day states that he, Mr Tuttle, is on his way, the letter was written from Illinois. I consider that my not meeting him here has been a great disappointment to me, and I am tired remaining comparatively idle and daily expecting his return  Mr. Tuttle writes that his wife has a son that will be able to take the tellership of the Bank in a short time and that the present tellers services will not be required long (At this moment I am interrupted particulars on another page)

     Had I known all the facts communicated in Mr Browns letter, at the time of My first arrival here this spring I should undoubtedly have felt remarkably uneasy when I was complaining of ill health. The facts are these as it seemes from Mr Browns letter from which I quote: "Mrs Brown, it seems, had the

small pox on board the steamer as we came up the river. She Communicated it to her sisters who are yet confined with it one of whom we consider dangerous. Mrs B had it very light of course the Varialoid." If I recollect aright I wrote while coming up the river, something of Mrs. Brown's not being well, having weak eyes and a good deal of fever so that she did not go to the table at all times. No one however thought of its being the Small pox in any form  The disease must have been communicated to a great number among so many passengers. Had I know the facts I have no doubt I should have been down sick on first arrival, as my indisposition at that time would have been attributed to the symptoms of small pox instead of a cold which was the case. "all is well that ends well."

     Four young men who set out with a waggon and a span of Mules on the 16^th April on an exploring toor, have returned with a glowing descriptions of the Country along the Running Water. I listened perfectly captivated for an hour to their accounts of the game they saw and the incidents by the way. They staked out their claim and propose locating a town to be called junction Rapids  It is at the junction of two streams forming the Running Watter  The region in which they traveled has never been explored and was thought unsafe on account of the Puncoes a desperate band of Indians. The party however met with no obsticles in the form of Indians. I mean to get a full description of their discoveries

     This evening I went up to Cooks to give him the papers to read. there I found some Omaha squaws trading one was called "old Mary" she spoke five languages, has been to school five years at St Josephs and been to the city of Washington. With her were the two widows of Logan Fontenelle the chief who was murdered a few years since while on a buffalo hunt, by a war party of Sioux. In my diary of last year I wrote that Logan Fontinelle was burried on the present site of Saratoga near the sulphur spring. Old Mary says that is a mistake. The grave in question, which is so singularly made and surrounded with polings, is where the daughter of "Young Elk" was buried. Logan Fontenelle was buried at Belleview by the side of his father of the same name who died very old, and was for many years chief of the Omahas. The elder Fontenelle was succeeded by Young Elk who was a great chief. After Young Elk the younger Fontenelle was made chief since his death the Omahas have been without a Chief.

     Old Mary has agreed to make a pair of mcasins for my children. I gave her money to get beads. She says there is a coal mine about twenty miles from the Black bird hills which has not been claimed  She says she will show white folks where it is for pay. She says white folks come to her house they get breakfast dinner and supper for nothing Indians don't charge fifty cents a meal all is free

     Sunday, 24. -- Have written all under date of 22^d and 23^d this morning. The interruption I received a short time since was caused by the marriage of the girl that works here and the hired man. They were married by Judge Wakely and have gone over into Iowa to visit an Uncle will be back Tuesday.

     Said Judge Wakely is of the Northern district lately appointed, is from Wisconsin. he has been stoping here for a few days. Is about my age. This is the first couple he ever married. he was considerably embarrised but done it up strong and quick. Being his first experience in Marrying he gave his fee to the bride. They are a fine clever couple. Thus ends the one hundredth page of this diary

     Have just returned from a long walk with Mr Warner up to Saratoga. on our return we saw a rattlesnake in the road which we killed with a cane. I cut off the rattles and will enclose them in my first letter.  About a hundred rods from where we killed the snake we found a much smaller rattlesnake which had been killed during the day it had but two or three rattles. A short distance farther we saw four men apperantly killing a snake. When we came up we found a snake called here a blower. this one was as much as five feet long. they are spoted like a milk snake and perfectly harmless. I killed one on my return walk from Saratoga on Friday a fact I forgot to mention. The rattlesnake we killed tried to get away from us, and was not at all inclined to show fight but rattled furiously

     The steamer St Mary's stoped about noon and passed up with governinent stores. At Evening the steamer Mink painted nearly black and belonging to the Government came up and stoped for the night  She is bound for Fort Peer some seven hundred miles above this point up the Missourie her loading was Government supplies. Carries no freight or passengers for outsiders

     Monday, 25 --A disagreeable rainy day. Received a letter from Robert with some very gratifying news for instance the renting of the house. The letter was a very interesting one some parts of it however did not make me feel very pleasant. When I went home to dinner found The General and Augusta singing and playing "Rosalee the Prarie flower" What a sensation it created within me. I had never heard the first word of it since I left home. And I could imagine I heard Sophias voice in every line and word of it. How instantaniously I was transported to my family. Augusta was delighted with the music. She could sing and play "Rosalie the Prarie flower" in a half hour after it was received

     Tuesday, 26 -- Mr Brown's clerk being sick to day I have been in the office until three o'clock, then went up to Saratoga, found all moveing prosperously. During my walk up to Saratoga the steamer "Minnehaha" came in

     A bachelors dancing party came off this evening on board the Hotel steamer Washington City. The General being absent Augusta was intrusted to my care until Eleven o'clock at night. And for the first time in Omaha I went where there was an assemblage of Ladies. Of course I did join the party but went as a spectator and guardian of Augusta at the request of the family. A number of gentlemen came to me to be introduced to my little girl. she danced every set and when she left had four or five unfulfilled engagement. She was the best dancer in the room, and many were almost inclined to use

physical force to prevent her leaving. On our way home her tongue flew very much as I have heard Sophia's at times.

     The attraction of the party however to me was not Miss Augusta or her dancing. But as Jonathan Slick says "it was them grown up gals all finefied off with ribbons and laces, sidling and twisting around, their bare arms and naked necks making them look good enough to eat." After one or two cotillions more ladies came which I did not notice until they came out of the dressing room and took their seats. The fluttering of dresses in that direction caused me to look around, and didn't I stare some there sat a woman a perfect Degareotype of my wife in features, at a front view. I learned she was a Miss Clark a sister of a Mr Clark of the firm of Armstrong & Clark merchants in town. If I had belonged to the party I should have made her acquaintance. I shall endeavor to see her by daylight, and if she bares the resemblance as well as in the evening I shall try and get an introduction, as yet I have made but two calls in Omaha and those were on acquaintance

     Wednesday, 27 -- This day assisted Mr Wyman the present Post Master inputting up his presses and aranging his office. He had a new one direct from the Foundry and is going to establish a daily and weekly. I done some heavy lifting without any unpleasant results.

     Thursday, 28 -- Finished putting up the presses about two o'clock, an hour previous to which Mr. Cockett came in to see me he had arrived the day previous at evening in company with Mr. Tuttle. I spent the balance of the day with Mr Cockett went up to Saratoga with him and Mr Tuttle. Mr C. thinks Saratoga is just the place  During the day four more persons arrived from Cooperstown Erastus Root, a Winslow and Short boy. Received a letter from Frank written the day before Cockett left

     In the Evening called on Mr. Gridley of Buffalo who is stopping at Mr Kellums. he has been unwell since his arrival but is now about well again. Learned of the failure of John R. Lee & Co which much surprised me. The Steamer Alonzo Childs in.

     Friday 29 -- Spent this day with Mr Cockett had a very pleasant time, afternoon rainy. Received papers from Brother Irwin. Steamer Sultan came in at bed time

     Saturday 30 -- passed this day as yesterday with Mr Cockett. had also a short interview with Mr. Tuttle. The afternoon rainy. I am having the best of times with Mr Cockett it seemes much like being with Frank. We talk up Cooperstown matters and I feel almost home again. Another batch of papers from Irwin.

     Sunday 31. -- Cool wet morning. Preaching was to come off at the "Central House" this forenoon the first in Saratoga notwithstanding the unpleasant weather I was bound to go up  The General got out his carriage for me and his little nephew, Augusta, and myself got in drove up to the "Hamilton House" took in Mr Cackett and went up to Saratoga just as we arrived at the Central House we found the Minister leaving some mistake had been made and the house was not ready and the weather prevented many from coming

so the meeting is put off two weeks. By that time the Centra house will probably be completed ready to be opened to the public. It will be the best Hotel in Nebraska

     Three steamers have come up today. The "Hannibal" "Waticassa" and "Asa Wilgus" all loaded with passengers  You would be surprised to see the trains of emigrants that come across the country bound for the interior of this Territory Salt Lake and California some trains are a mile long. It would seem at this rate that the entire east would become depopulated

     A host of people from Herkimer county, friends of Mr Tuttle, came up on one of todays steamers. they are all men of means, are delighted with the country. Among the number is a noted clergimen who is in ectasies about this country

     After tea went up to the Hamilton House and took a stroll with Mr. Cockett. went out of town about a mile and a half in a direction I had not been before. I was equally charmed with Mr. Cockett. We could not help remarking again and again, "I wish Frank was here" to enjoy this treat with us. It was dark when we returned. halted just at dusk where an Emigrant train to Callifornia were pitching their tents. They had eleven covered wagons and families a supply of horses and three hundred head of cattle. The men were some of them watching the cattle others putting down the tents. The children gathering fuel while the women were getting supper. The made some as fine biscuit as I ever saw baking them in an old fashioned "bakekittle" Fried bacon coffee and warm cakes with molasses constituted the bill of fare. Oil cloths were spread on the ground and the table-ware arranged much as it would be on a table. Not receiving an invitation to sup with them we did not stop to see how they arranged themselves to eat, but presume the took seats on the ground. Their supper smelled delisious and would be a luxury to some families here who live on "cut straw and molasses" Called at Mr Tuttles House where two of the families from Herkimer are to stop, and had a pleasant interview with the clergyman and Governor Izard. Mr Tuttle has purchased the governors house, and occupy it until his house at Saratoga is finished.

     Monday June 1, 1857 -- Remained in the office attending to the donation of lots this forenoon, received a letter from my wife and one from Frank. Mr. Cockett bought a small Cincinnati house fifteen feet square, brought up by Mr. Gridley, for $200. After dinner got a team and went up with the first load and selected our lot. Mr. Cockett and Myself are to own the building and lot jointly. Mr C purchased the building and I am to finish it for my share. While our teamster was after the second load, we looked out and went on our lots which proved better than we had expected

     Walked out in the evening after supper and talked up business, also our old business operations in Buffalo. did not separate until after ten o'clock

     Tuesday, 2 -- Spent the forenoon with Mr Tuttle and Mr Gridley. The mail brought me a letter from one of cousin Benjamins girls who is at school in Indiana. Mr. Cockett gone over to the Bluffs.

     After dinner went up to Saratoga. Sawed out ten oak posts and set five of them as part of the foundation for the office. Hired a carpenter to comence tomorrow to help me put up the building. was very tired when I got home to supper. After tea went up town and chatted an hour with Mr Cockett who had returned from the Bluffs. The Seamer Admiral in from St. Louis.

     Wednesday 3 -- Put up the frame for the office. Had hard days work and returned at night very tired.

     Thursday 4 -- Assisted the carpenter on the building donated lots for a church and parsonage. The doner a G. W. Skinner of Herkimer Co N. Y. a friend of Mr Tuttle, is a Unitarian will preach Sunday in the Central House Saratoga and at Omaha in the evening. The Steamer D. A. January is in bound up the river

     Friday 5 -- Worked on the building same as yesterday do not feel well to day in consequence of sore tongue and mouth. Have the Steamers "New Monongahala" and "John Warner" in from St. Louis

     Before going up to Saratoga I bade Mr. Cockett good by as he was to leave on a steamer toward Nome. My walk to Saratoga was a very lonely one after parting with Mr. Cockett. We have had the pleasantest kind of a time since he has been here I found him almost equal to Frank for fun and a joke, and could not but be loth to part with him  I hope some good to us both will grow out of his visit to this place

     Saturday 6 -- Did not go up to Saratoga untill after dinner. Had a long chatt with Mr. Tuttle he talks large for me, and if one half he tells me turns out right I shall be satisfyed. Our town is honored with a number of Railroad men from the east.. they are large portly silver-haired gold-headed-cane gentlemen who are posted on R. R. Matters

     Saratoga is growing rapidly every day adds a new house and some days two are commenced. If I remain a whole day down to Omaha I see a marked change in iniprovements. In one months time I shall hardly be able to keep track of the improvements. I shall be obliged to call on the company for a horse to ride soon or it will take my wholl time to look afer affairs, of the company which I am expected to do. We have Steamers "Omaha" and "Edenburg" in today. The annual June rise of the Missourii has commenced has risen some two feet will probably continue to rise untill the last of the month. Then gradually subside untill the fall rains set in. During the June rise the freights on the river are the lowest of the Season. The June Rise is occasioned by snows from the Mountains which do not commence to melt before the hot weather sets in in this Latitude

     Sunday 7 -- An excessively warm day. A strong wind is all that makes the heat enduable the themometer ranges from 96 to 100. The incessant wind we have here is a great luxury in summer.

     Br. Cook and myself walked up to Saratoga to hear the first sermon in the place. It was delivered by a Mr Bergen a Prespyterian the text was: "Deliver unto Ceazar the things that ar Ceazars and unto God the things that are Gods" The discourse was a very good one and delivered in the Central

house our unfinished hotel. In going up and returning we stoped at the Sulphur spring and took a drink, it was the first time Mr. Cook had seen the spring. This afternoon at three o'clock Mr. Skinner a Unitarian, is to preach at the Central house. it is too warm for me to walk up again I accordingly devote my time to writing and keeping cool as possible

     The excessive heat of the day has kept us up late enjoying the cool evening out in the steps hanging out of the windows and watching the lighting for diston thunder clouds

     Monday 8 -- Remained in Omaha during the forenoon answering letters and attending to other business Afternoon went up to Saratoga and spent the balance of the day in showing the gift lots to different parties returned -- very much fatiegued by the walk in the hot sun. The steamer "Emma" up from below bound farther up the river.

     Tuesday 9 --Went up to Saratoga directly after breakfast on my way I killed the largest snake I ever saw alive except such as I have seen in shows. It was six feet long and as larg around as my arm. They are a species of snake resembling in color and shape an anaconda or boa-constrictor. When angry they make a blowing noise and it is said the breath they blow out if inhaled in large quantities produces a very nausea sickness for a short time. this I am not inclined to credit. They never bite and are nout in the least venemous. the blower is a great distroyer of the rattlesnake kills them whenever they can find thim, by circuling them within their folds and crushing them to death by this same mode they destroy small animals which they swallow whole to satisfy hunger. The one I killed I think could have swallowed a small cat

     Assisted about half the day in the office in putting on the ruff boards. The balance of the day showing up and donating lots. Had as many as twenty calls, at one time five carriages and twelve or fifteen persons including ladies. at one time I rode this way with a party, at another walked that half a dozen following me and looking up lots to get for the building on them.

     When the five carriages at one time were waiting on me one person calling me this way and another that. All doing their best to get the most desirable location. I thought of Brothers Frank and Irwin. They would say "the kite is going it now" and it did sail up some. but there was a little too much tail to it wishing to go different ways so it did not go out of sight

     My position in the company makes me acquainted with every person before he locates in the place. And I trust my attention to them wins their friendship which I think will do me no harm if it is not of real service to me my office will do to go into this week and I shall get all the agency business of the setters and also their influence. this may not count at once but if I can manage to get along for the present, I believe I shall succeed in doing first rate business and be one of them in the city of Saratoga  Three months today since I left home or rather since I left Buffalo

     Wednesday 10 -- Assisted in laying the floor to my office at Saratoga returning to Omaha found the steamer "Joseph Oglesby" in, one of the largest

boats ever coming to this place being her first trip she gave a free party to the citizens. It is customary for every boat making its first trip of the season to come prepared to give a dance and they get up some splendid affairs all free. I had only attended one and that was as a spectator and company for Miss Augusta. It was at this time I saw Miss Clark which so much resembles my wife. Since which time I have not had a sight of said lady. Accordingly I decided I would saunter down to the boat after the dance should commence and see what I could see. As I started out about nine o'clock I met Br. Cook who by invitation accompanied me to the boat. I told him I was going to the boat to see a lady. Cook laughed and said something about how good calico looked in Nebraka. Before going on the boat I told Cook to take notice of a certain lady I would point out to him, if she was there, and see if he ever saw any one that looked like her before. The lady in question was on the floor in a cotilion about the center of the cabin, when we went in. I pointed in the direction Cook noticed her at once and remarked "crackie that is Mate exactly" the more he looked the more natural Mates representative appeared. we stoped long enough to see two cotillons then left thinking of home, and more of the folks at home

     Thursday 11 -- Mr Warner has been sick for some five days with dysentery. Not so sick however as to prevent him moving around a little. He is as nervious as I am and more old-madeish. He determined to start for home this morning I spent the forenoon settling up his business and getting him ready for a start, accompanied him to the boat, and bade him good-by. We were old acquaintance and since we have been here we have slept together, and it seemed rather sad to have him leave particular on account of his health and gave me some unpleasant reflections the balance of the day, about how I should fare in this Territory were I taken sick

     After dinner went up to Saratoga. have had the least wind and warmest sun to day since I have been in the Territory. it has been a hot one. Received a letter from Sister Sarah written at East Pembroke, where she was with the children

     We have two boats in today the "Watassa" and the "E. A. Ogden."

     Friday 12 -- Spent the day as usual at Saratoga. Donated five lots to Mr. Tuttles friends who are to commence at once to build they are all fine people with fine families One is from Little Falls has a shoe store there and his wife is extensively in the milinery business. Mr Gray, the gentlemans name, has taken the next but one lot to mine will put up a store sufficient for his and his wifes business, and large enough to live overhead. he will then return for his goods and family. The others have their families with them

     This evening have spent with Br. Cook. he has leased one of Mr Warners lots for four years. Intends to build and send for his family at once. He has a good. situation is doing well and has leased at a great bargain We have talked over our chances &c of getting our families here until I feel extra lonesome and homesick tonight. I go to bed to sleep for the first time since I came to this territory, alone. I am glad to be without a bed

fellow unless it be of a different sex from what I have had since I left Buffalo I am however getting somewhat weaned and feel a good deal like an old bachaler

     The steamers in to-day are the, "Dan Converse" and Moses Greenwood

     Saturday 13 -- Having an opportunity to ride I left Saratoga at four o'clock after laboring in a very hot sun as long as I felt disposed. My carpenter has at least one or two more days work on the office before It will be completed the balance of the work including painting &c I shall probably do myself.

     Arriving at Omaha went direct to the P. O. got one paper and three letters. The paper was from Irwin one of the letters was for John L. Beadle mailed in Ohio. I put it back writing on the envelope a few lines for said John to call on me perhaps we are cozins  One of the other letters was from Mr McKim and the third from wife under date of May 30th. The latter letter was the greatest Saturday nights treat I have had in a long time. I read and re-read the letter and sets my wits to work to decide what was best that was feasible, and what that was feasible was best.  After tea went up to consult with Cook. he has his arrangements nearly completed is only awating the result of one decision which will come off next tuesday, if favorable, of which I have no doubt it will be. he will send the same day for his family to come as soon as possible. I presume his family will be here in four or five weeks. this makes me more anxious than ever. I am in hopes something will turn soon which will enable me to send for my family. I am tired of this bachelor life

     We have had the finest sunset this evening I ever beheld, since which a storm has been gathering, and at this moment the wind seems as though it would demolish the dwelling while the lightning and thunder is incessant and the rain comes in torrents. I will stop and go to bed as the storm makes me feel weak so good night wife and children

     Sunday morning before breakfast June 13. -- Feel very much prostrated this morning. The storm last evening compelled me to close the windows, thus preventing fresh air from coming into the room, and this morning is still hot and sultry, making me feel some sixty years old. The storms of last night were the worst I ever experienced In this Territory. The thunder and lightning being the most severe and incessant. One storm would spend its fury and subside until I would get into a drowse. then another would come up if possible more severe than the last. this was continued until after midnight before I got to sleep. The steamers of yesterday were the "Alonso Child" and "Min-nehaha."

     Four O'clock P.M. -- Thus far have I spent the day in writing excepting while at breakfast and what time I occupied in bathing and changing my linen  It has been a most excessively warm day I never saw so warm weather after such a Thunder shower one could almost see the corn and vegitables grow. We have hotter weather here than in Buffalo, but almost sure to have a wind. today it has blown a hurrycane but without the wind one would 

© 2001 for the NEGenWeb Project by Pam Rietsch, Ted & Carole Miller