Edward John Angle, B.S., M.D., Lincoln--Zoology.

Carrie Adeline Barbour, Lincoln; Assistant Curator, State Museum--Palaeontology.

Erwin Hinckley Barbour, A. B., Ph. D., Lincoln; Professor of Geology in the University of Nebraska, Acting State Geologist, and Curator State Museum--Geology.

Harris Millar Benedict, B. S., A. M., Instructor in Natural Science in the High School, Lincoln--Zoology.

Charles Edwin Bessey, B. S., Ph. D., Lincoln; Professor of Botany in the University of Nebraska and Acting State Botanist--Botany.

Ernst Athearn Bessey, Lincoln--Botany.

*Rosa Houton, B. S., A.M., Lincoln; Instructor in Chemistry in the University of Nebraska--Chemistry.

Robert J. Boyd ---

H. Brownell, B. S., Peru; Professor of Chemistry and Physics in the Nebraska State Normal School--Chemistry.

*Lawrence Bruner, B. S., Lincoln; Professor of Entomology in the University of Nebraska--Zoology.

Lyman Ray Brush, Ashland.

Fred Wallace Card, M. S., Lincoln; Associate Professor of Horticulture in the University of Nebraska--Horticulture.

William Arthur Clark, A. M., Ped. D., Professor of Pedagogy and Psychology in the Nebraska State Normal, Peru--Psychology.

William Cleburne, Drawer 20, Omaha--Botany, Geology.

George Evert Condra, B. S., Lincoln; Instructor in Science in the High School--Geology, Zoology.

James William Crabtree, Inspector of Accredited High Schools at the University of Nebraska, Lincoln.

H. D. Crawford, York; Field Manager of York College--Mineralogy.

*J. Stuart Dales, M. Ph., Lincoln; Secretary-Treasurer of the University of Nebraska--Biology.

Ellery Williams Davis, B. S., Ph. D., Lincoln; Professor of Mathematics in the University of Nebraska--Mathematics.

John Wirt Dinsmore, Lincoln--Child Study.

Thomas Eaton Doubt, B. S., A. M., Instructor in Physics in the University of Washington, Seattle--Physics, Mathematics.

Henry B. Duncanson, B. S., Peru; Professor of Geology and Natural History in the Nebraska State Normal School--Botany.

Clarence Jerome Elmore, A. M., Crete; Instructor in Science in the High School--Botany.

Rollins Adams Emerson, B. S., Lincoln; Horticulturist in the office of Experiment Stations, Washington, D. C.--Horticulture.

Milton H. Everett, M. D., 630 So. Seventeenth St., Lincoln--Geology.

Cassius Asa Fisher, Assistant in Geology in the University of Nebraska, Lincoln--Geology.

Charles Fordyce, A. B., A. M., University Place; Professor of Biology in Wesleyan University--Biology.

Harold Gifford, M. D., 1404 Farnham St., Omaha--Bacteriology.

H. Hapeman, M. D., Minden; Assistant Surgeon of the Union Pacific Railroad--Botany.

John Milton Hardy, M. D., Cairo--Microscopy.

*Ellis T. Hartley, 441 No. Tenth St., Lincoln--Microscopy.

William W. Hastings, A. M., Ph. D., Adjunct Professor of Hygiene and Director of the Gymnasium at the University of

Nebraska, Lincoln--Anthropology.

Herbert E. Hershey, Nebraska City--Zoology.

A. Ross Hill, A, B., Ph. D., Associate Professor of Philosophy in the University of Nebraska, Lincoln--Philosophy.

Walter David Hunter, B. S., A. M., Lincoln; Assistant in Entomology in the University of Nebraska--Entomology.

Edward Marston Hussong, B. S., Franklin; Superintendent of Schools--Economic Botany.

Walter M. Kern, Superintendent of Schools, David City--Botany.

Henry Anderson Lafler, De Witt--Entomology and Invertebrate Zoology.

George Andrew Loveland, B.S., Lincoln; Observer and Section Director of the United States Weather Bureau--Meteorology.

George W. A. Luckey, A. B., Professor of Pedagogy in the University of Nebraska, Lincoln--Child Study.

George Edwin MacLean, A. B., Ph. D., LL. D., Chancellor of the University of Nebraska, Lincoln.

*Alexander S. von Mansfelde, M.D., Ashlaud--Pathology and Histology.

J. Ellis Maxwell, York; Professor of Natural Science in York College--Biology.

Robert Edward Moritz, Ph. M., Hastings; Professor of Mathematics in Hastings College--Mathematics.

A. W. Norton, A. M., Warrensburg, Mo.--Psychology.

Bayard H. Payne, B. S., Grand Island; Instructor in Science in the High School --Zoology.

Arthur Sperry Pearse, De Witt--Mammalogy, Herpetology, and Ornithology.

Albert T. Peters, D. V. M., Investigator of Animal Diseases at the U. S. Experiment Station, Lincoln--Bacteriology.

Roscoe Pound, A. B., Ph. D., 126 Burr Block, Lincoln; Director of the Botanical Survey of Nebraska--Botany.

Joseph Horace Powers, A. B., Ph. D., Professor of Natural Science in Doane College, Crete--Psychology.

Albert A. Reed, A. B., Superintendent of Schools, Crete--Botany.

Charles F. Rogers, Beatrice; Instructor in Science in the High School--Chemistry.

Jesse Perry Rowe, B. S., Lincoln--Geology.

B. L. Seawell, A. B., Hastings; Professor of Natural Science in Hastings College--Zoology.

*Wells Hawks Skinner, A. B., Nebraska City; Superintendent of Schools--Botany.

T. F. Stauffer, Box 806, Lincoln; Clergyman--Psychology.

*Andrew B. Stephens, Holdrege; Superintendent of Schools--Botany.

A. P. S. Stuart, 330 No. Eleventh St., Lincoln--Chemistry.

Oscar Van Pelt Stout, B. C. E., Lincoln; Associate Professor of Civil Engineering in the University of Nebraska--Civil Engineering.

*Goodwin Deloss Swezey, A. B., A. M., Lincoln 3 Professor of Meterology and in charge of Astronomy in the University of

Nebraska--Meteorology and Astronomy.

Isador S. Trostler, 4246 Farnham St., Omaha--Ornithology.

Elza Edward Tyler, Lincoln--Geology and Botany.

Henry Baldwin Ward, A. M., Ph. D., Lincoln; Professor of Zoology in the University of Nebraska, and Acting State Zoologist--Zoology.

Robert Henry Wolcott, B. S., M. D., Instructor in Zoology in the University of Nebraska, Lincoln--Zoology.

MINUTES OF THE SEVENTH ANNUAL MEETING.

December 29,1896.

   The seventh annual meeting of the Nebraska Academy of Sciences was called to order at 2 P. M. in room 15, Nebraska Hall. In the absence of the president the vice president, H. B. Duncanson, presided.
   In accordance with the provision in the constitution, the chair appointed as a nominating committee C. E. Bessey, H. Brownell, and E. M. Hussong.
   The report of the secretary, including the minutes of the last annual meeting was read, together with the report of the custodian, and the following recommendations of the executive committee were submitted:
   First--The appointment of a committee, to consist of the executive committee together with two other members of the Academy, to consider and act in the matter of having the proceedings published by the state.
   Second--That the following by-laws be proposed at the annual meeting for adoption by the Academy:
     1. Volumes of the proceedings of the Academy shall be sent only to members whose dues are paid.
     2. Papers may be read before the Academy by members only, except on order of the executive committee.
     3. In order to be published in the proceedings, papers must be in the hands of the secretary within thirty days from the date of reading.

     4. All titles of papers to be read at the annual meeting must be in the hands of the secretary two weeks before the annual meeting.
   Third--That the following amendments to the constitution be proposed and recommended:
   Amendment to article 3, section 3: Instead of "two directors," to read "four directors."
   Amendment to article 4, section 1: "The annual meeting shall be held in the city of Lincoln, on the afternoon and evening of the day before Charter day, and on Charter day unless otherwise ordered by the executive committee."
   It was further recommended that the treasurer be authorized to sell back numbers of publications III. and IV. together for 25 cents, and that the price of 50 cents be placed on the last issue; that the secretary be authorized to secure other publications in exchange for those of the Academy, and that the library of the University of Nebraska be officially designated as depository for the exchanges and library of the Academy.
   The report of the secretary, the minutes of the last meeting, and the general recommendations of the executive committee were adopted by successive motions, as were also the amendments to the by-laws as proposed by the executive committee, together with the first amendment to the constitution, changing the number of directors from two to four.
   The proposed change in the date of the annual meeting was discussed at some length. An informal vote showed ten members and visitors in favor of the present date, eleven in favor of Charter day, and twelve in favor of a date about Thanksgiving time. Voted that for next year the annual meeting be held on the Friday and Saturday following Thanksgiving day.
   The treasurer's report was referred, without being read, to an auditing committee to be appointed.
   The annual address by the retiring president, E. H. Barbour, who had been unexpectedly called to Washington to read a paper before the Geological Society of America, was by permission of the academy read by H. B. Ward for the author. The

subject of the address was "Academies of Science: Their Economic and Educational Value."
   Two connected papers, "Continued Biological Observations," by Henry B. Ward, and "A New Plankton Pump," by Henry B. Ward and Charles Fordyce, were then read. Following these came a short "Report of Progress in the Study of the Fauna of the State," by Laurence Bruner:
   "This state is exceedingly rich in forms of life. I can call to your attention a few examples of this. Our birds in Nebraska number 416 species, as against 364 species for Kansas. I have found in the state 280 to 290 species of grasshoppers. In the study of our butterflies we have ascertained that upwards of 125 distinct forms occur in the state of Nebraska, and each year we add new forms to these. In the collection of tiger beetles in this state we succeeded in bringing together 40 different forms. In like manner, in the study of our wild bees, during the last two years we have gathered about 300 distinct species, collecting only during three months in the year at two places in the state. Nebraska is well adapted for these forms, as well as plants. I have been surprised that there is so little done in the collection of different forms. If we eliminate species after species, we would eliminate more titles than species--150 to 200 titles would include all that has been written on the animal life in this state. We have in the state something like 40 species of worms collected. In Arkansas there are something like 30 species recorded. We have of insects about 7,000 species, in the collection of the university. The spiders, etc., which have been collected show that our fauna is very rich in these forms also. We have in the university a collection which numbers about 150 species, and 15 or 20 have been counted as not known. When we come down to the crustacea, there has been little done. Of fishes we know a little through the work carried out by the state fish commission. But we undoubtedly have a larger number of fishes that the fish commission knows nothing about. I re-

member of taking from 50 to 60 species from the Elkhorn river alone. Again, the reptiles of Nebraska are quite numerous. We have a paper by Taylor on the snakes of the state, but aside from this I know of no record of the reptiles. The birds have been pretty thoroughly studied, as we have working in the state about twenty-five good observers. The notes of most of these were brought together before the State Horticultural Society last year, and since then no additional forms have occurred, so the list is about completed. As to mammals, we know practically nothing in this state. In the early days we know that the buffalo, the antelope, two species of deer, the gray wolf, the brown bear, foxes, and panthers used to be found here. Thus far, then, we see that there has been little done in the way of studying the animal life of the state. The botanists have made a fair beginning in the study of the plants of the state, but the animals are much more numerous than the plants. I might say, in conclusion, that the reasons for a larger fauna in the state are these: Nebraska is located midway between the north and south; the Southeastern corner of the state is barely 800 feet above the sea level, while the western part is almost 6,000. We have two large water courses and the variation of the surface is great. Therefore the variation in the animal life must be great. The time will come when a number of the forms that are now living in the state will be extinct, due to various changes brought about by civilization."
   "The Nomenclature of Nebraska Forest Trees" was the title of a paper by C. E. Bessey, and "Reflections on the Genus Ribes" were presented by F. W. Card. Papers on "Chalcedony-Lime Nuts from the Bad Lands of Nebraska," by E. H. Barbour, "A Comparison Between Nebraska Diatomaceous Earth with that from Neighboring States," by C. J. Elmore, "What is Mathematics?" by Ellery W. Davis, and "A Family of Quartic Surfaces," by R. E. Moritz, were read and discussed.
   The nominating committee reported the following list of officers for the coming year, and by vote the Secretary was instructed to cast the ballot of the Academy for the same:

   President, A. S. von Mansfelde, Ashland; vice president, E. H. Barbour, Lincoln; secretary-treasurer, G. D. Swezey, Lincoln; custodian, Laurence Bruner, Lincoln; directors, H. B. Ward, Lincoln, H. B. Duncanson, Peru, C. J. Elmore, Crete, H. Hapeman, Minden.
   On motion the Academy then adjourned until 8 P. M. December 29, 1896, 8 P. M.

   In the absence of the president and vice president, the meeting was called to order by the secretary and L. Bruner was elected chairman pro tem.
   Voted that the directors of the Academy be an auditing committee to examine the books of the treasurer.
   Voted that the committee to arrange for the publication of the proceedings by the state be the new executive committee, with two others chosen by the president. A. S. v. Mansfelde* and E. T. Hartley were appointed on this committee.
   A paper on "Some Methods of Collecting, Preserving, and Mounting Fossils,' by Carrie A. Barbour, was read and then commented upon by C. E. Bessey as follows: "I want to express my gratification on this address. I have not heard of it myself, before. The one thing that it seems to me all this teaches us is that apparently destroyed remains may be preserved if we know how to take care of the material. It calls to my mind a number of cases a year ago. I found bones, tusks, etc., which I thought were entirely too decayed for use at all. The one thing that we must see that the people of the state know is that even a most thoroughly decayed specimen of a bone, if it is covered over and kept from the air until some expert can come and dig it out, may turn out to be of scientific value. These things can be saved long after a point where they seem to be beyond redemption."
   A paper entitled "An Observation Upon Annual Rings in Tree Growth" was then read by Fred W. Card and discussed as follows by C. E. Bessey: "I should like to see this repeated a num-

her of times. I doubt whether we get any other results. I was a surveyor many years ago in a wooded country. Now in a wooded country, when a line is run from one section to another, they 'blaze' the line. When they come to the quarter posts they have what they call 'witness' trees. Now it happens that these 'witness' trees many times stand twenty-five and forty years, and over and over again it occurs that these 'blazes' are overgrown and we never found that the account was mis-written. For the government survey was thirty-two years before our survey, and when we cut in we could count just thirty-two rings from that time. I do think that a tree may form occasionally a second ring. Governor Furnas has a number of trees of which he knows the date when he set them out, and he finds that sometimes they have more rings than they should have. On the plains here I do not see why a tree, being isolated, might not go into the summer rest and start again in the fall. But in the forests this cannot occur, so I doubt whether a second ring ever happens in a great forest, because the ground is moist all the time. So I take it that if we make experiments here long enough, we could get a second ring. Again, if you go into the south far enough you will not find rest with the growth. There are blocks of wood in some of the cases here on which you cannot make out any line where one growth begins and another stops."
   R. A. Emerson read a paper on the "Internal Temperature of Trees," which was discussed as follows:
   The importance of this may be shown in regard to orchard trees. Trees sometimes get sick on the southwest side; this is called "sun-scald." The tree usually dies. There is a belief among horticulturists that a rapid change in the winter affects the vitality of the bark. There is a great deal of injury done to trees in this way.
   Professor Condra: "Did you perform any experiments in regard to the growth of trees?"
   Mr. Emerson: "I think it would be hard to obtain such results. Results have been obtained, however, in regard to this, and have been published."

   Dr. Bessey: "We have no means of accurately obtaining these results. We do not know yet of any way by which we can tell the temperature of the cambium layer. When we bore a hole in a tree and destroy the layer of cells and have an air cavity in there instead of the solid mass of wood, we put in at once a condition which brings about an error. It is to be hoped that the electricians will give us an instrument by which we can measure the temperature of leaves without destroying them. We have no thermometer small enough to really determine the temperature of the limb accurately. All this, while it tells us something, is telling it to us about as crudely as the illustration I have suggested. We must have some thermometer of an entirely different kind. Something which will not make it necessary to break the tissue at all. I am quite strongly of the opinion that when we learn how hot the cambium layer becomes, we will find it gets very hot in the Summer."
   Professor Swezey: "I think it is possible to get such an electrical device."
   Owing to the lateness of the hour, the following papers were read by title only: "The Barites of Nebraska and the Bad Lands," by E. H. Barbour; "Some Data as to Wind Distribution of Seeds," by E. M. Hussong; "Parasites of Nebraska Dogs and Cats," by H. B. Ward; "The Study of Botany in the School for the Blind," by C. E. Bessey; "Discovery of Meteoric Iron in Nebraska," by E. H. Barbour; "Notes on the Phyllopoda of Nebraska," by H. A. Lafler and A. S. Pearse.
   The Academy then adjourned. G. D. SWEZEY,
Secretary.

G. D. Swezey, treasurer, in account with the Nebraska Academy of Sciences: 1896.

Approved:
   H. B. DUNCANSON,
   C. J. ELMORE,
   H. HAPEMAN,
   HENRY B. WARD,
              Directors.

   At a meeting of the publication committee of the Nebraska Academy of Sciences, December 14, 1897, the following rules were adopted:
   I. All papers intended for publication must be in the hands of the publication committee, ready for printing, within thirty days after official notice has been sent to the authors.
   II. No corrections will be allowed after a paper is set up, save at the expense of the author. To avoid the necessity of correction, as far as may be possible, the committee earnestly recommends that all manuscript be prepared with the utmost care, and, if possible, type-written.
   III. All necessary drawings must accompany the manuscript and must be made in India ink.
   IV. Illustrations used in the Proceedings will ordinarily be zinc etchings. Only in rare cases, and then by a special vote of the editorial committee, will photographs be reproduced as halftone engravings.
   V. When the request is made on the manuscript, an author will be furnished, gratis, twenty unbound copies of his paper. Additional unbound copies will be furnished at cost if so requested on manuscript.
   VI. Papers read before the Academy, but printed elsewhere, will regularly be noticed in the Proceedings, but may be abstracted, and only very exceptionally printed in full.
   VII. Papers read before the Academy, but not in condition for publication, shall be presented as notes or preliminary reports. ELLERY W. DAVIS,      
Secretary of the Committee.

NOTE.--In accordance with the decision of the editorial committee papers are grouped according to subjects into botanical, geological, mathematical, and zoological; and under each topic are arranged alphabetically according to authors, except in the cue of those papers so closely connected in subject-matter as to necessitate another order. All papers included in the program of the last meeting of the Academy are printed here so far as they have been received from the authors, and have not been published elsewhere.

   The many changes in the nomenclature of the forest trees of Nebraska make it necessary that an authentic list should be given in which the names now generally accepted take the place of those which have become antiquated. I find that of the sixty-seven trees admitted to the following list no less than twenty-six have suffered some changes in nomenclature.

   1. Pinus ponderosa Douglas, in Lawson's Manual, 354 (1836). The citation of Loudon as the authority for this species is an error. Douglas's name was used in Companion of the Botanical Magazine in 1836, and in Lawson's Agriculturist's Manual of the same year, but (Sudworth says) he did not describe it. Loudon described it (in Arboretum et Fructicetum Britannicum, vol. IV., crediting the name to Douglas, as appears to have been done also, in Lawson's Manual. Our tree is what Engelmann separated as the variety scopulorum in the Botany of California, vol. II., p. 126 (1880). It is

doubtful whether this is entitled to varietal rank, since our trees are but little different from those on the Pacific coast, which are regarded as typical. If this variety is to be deemed valid our tree will then be named P. ponderosa scopulorum Engelmann, otherwise it will be P. ponderosa Douglas.

   2. Juniperus virginiana L. Sp. Pl. 1039 (1753).

   3. Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal, Monographic de la. Famille des Anonacées, 83 (1817). This was named Anona triloba by Linne, in the first edition of his Species Plantarum, 537, but since Donal's work there has been no doubt as to its proper name.

   4. Salix nigra Marshall, Arbustum Americanum, 139 (1785).
   5. Salix amygdaloides Andersson, Ofversigt af Kongliga Vetenskaps Akademiens Forhandlingar (1858). This tree was originally confused with S. nigra, from which it was separated by Andersson in 1858.
   6. Salix lucida Muehlenberg, Neue Schriften der Gesellsehaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin, IV. 1803).
   7. Salix fluviatilis Nuttal, Sylva of North America (1842). This has hitherto borne the name of S. longifolia Muehlenberg, Neue Schrift. Gessel. Nat. Fr. Berlin (1803), and was so named in my previous lists, but, as Professor Sargent points out in Garden and Forest, vol. VIII., November (1895), Muehlenberg's name is not available, having been used in 1778 by Lamarck in his Flora Francais, vol 2, 232. The name S. longifolia is still used in Gray's and Coulter's Manuals.
   8. Salix bebbiana Sargent, Garden and Forest VIII., November (1895). This has hitherto, borne the name of S. rostrata Rich-

ardson in the appendix to Franklin's Narrative of a Journey from the Shores of Hudson Bay and the Polar Sea, 753 (1823), and was so named in my previous lists, but, as Professor Sargent pointed out in Garden and Forest, cited above, this name had already been used by Thuillier in his Flore des Environs de Paris in 1799. In consequence it became necessary for Professor Sargent to give it a new name, as above. This still bears the name of S. rostrata in Gray's and Coulter's Manuals.
   9. Salix cordata Muehlenberg, Neue Schrift. Gesel. Nat. Fr. Berlin (1803). The tree here referred to is the one to which the common name of Diamond Willow has been applied. For some years it was supposed that the variety vestita of Andersson was this tree; and it was so named in my previous lists, but that has been determined by Sargent to be an error. For the present we can do no more than call it a form of this species. In the Illustrated Flora (Britton and Brown) our plant appears to be confused with S. missouriensis Bebb.
   10. Populus tremuloides Michaux, Flora Boreali-Americana, 11 (1803).
   11. Populus balsamifera L. Sp. Pl. 1034 (1753). In previous lists this has been given as the variety candicans of Gray (more properly of (Aiton) Gray), or canadensis (Moench) Sudworth, but I am confident now that our tree is the species proper and not the variety.
   12. Populus augustifolia James, Long's Expedition, 1, 497 (1823).
   13. Populus acuminata Rydberg, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, 20:50 (1893), This interesting tree is conceded by Professor Sargent as "probably a distinct species." (Sylva, IN., 172.)
   14. Populus deltoidea Marshall, Arbusium Americanum, 106 (1785). This has borne the name of P. monilifera Aiton in previous lists and in Gray's Manual. in Coulter's Manual it is P. angulata Alton, while in De Candolle's Prodromus

XVI., 2 (1868), it is P. canadensis Moench. In the Illustrated Flora a variation of the spelling is used, as P. deltoides.

   15. Tilia americana L. Sp. Pl. 514 (1753).

   16. Ulmus americana L. Sp. Pl. 226 (1753).
   17. Ulmus racemosa Thomas, American Journal of Science, 19:170 (1831).
   18. Ulmus fulva Michaux, Flora Boreali-Americana, 1:172 (1803). In some recent lists this bears the name U. pubescens Walter, Flom Caroliniana (1788), and there is reason to believe that this may be the prior name.
   19. Celtis occidentalis L. Sp. Pl. 1044 (1753).
   20. Morus rubra L. Sp. Pl. 986 (1753).

   21. Fraxinus americana L. Sp. Pl. 1057 (1753).
   22. Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall, Arbustum Americanum, 51 (1785). This is the F. pubescens Lamarck (1786), which name it bears in Gray's and Coulter's Manuals.
   23. Fraxinus pennsylvanica lanceolata (Borkh.) Sargent, Silva of North America, VI., 50 (1804). This was first named P. lanceolata by Borkhausen (Handbook Forst. Bot., 1800). It received the name of P. viridis by Michaux filius in Histoire des Arbres, in 1813, and the latter name has been very generally adopted by American botanists, and is still used in Gray's and Coulter's Manuals.

   24. Pirus coronaria ioensis Wood, Class-book, 333 (1870) This is the P. iowensis (Wood) Bailey of the "Check List."
   25. Crataegus tomentosa L. Sp. Pl. 476 (1753).

   26. Crataegus mollis (Torrey & Gray) Scheele, Linnaea 21:569 (1848). This is the C. coccinea mollis T. & G. of the sixth edition of Gray's Manual, and the C. subvillosa Schrader of some lists.
   27. Crataegus coccinea L. Sp. Pl. 476 (1753).
   28. Crataegus coccinea macracantha (Lodd.) Dudley, Bulletin of Cornell University, 2:33 (1886). In the "Check List" this is considered to be a distinct species under Loddige's original name C. macracantha.
   29. Amelanchier canadensis (L.) Medicus, Geschichte der Botanikunserer Zeiten, 79 (1793).
   30. Prunus virginiana L. Sp. Pl. 473 (1753).
   31. Prunus serotina Ehrhart, Beitraege zur Naturkunde, 3:20 (1788).
   32. Prunus americana Marshall, Arbustum Americanum, 111 (1785).

   33. Gymnocladus dioicus (L.) Koch, Dendrologie, 1:5 (1869). This is G. canadensis Lamarck (1783), and of the ordinary manuals. It was first named Guilandina dioica by Linne in Sp. Pl. 381 (1753).
   34. Gleditsia triacanthos L. Sp. Pl. 1056 (1753). In nearly all publications the generic name is given as Gleditschia in spite of the fact that Linne Spelled Gleditsia, evidently from Gleditsius, Latinized from the German Gleditsch.
   35. Cercis canadensis L. Sp. Pl. 374 (1753).

   36. Platanus occidentalis L. Sp. Pl. 999 (1753).

   37. Rhamnus lanceolata Pursh, Flora Americae Septentrionalis, 166 (1814).
   38. Rhamnus caroliniana Walter, Flora Caroliniana, 101 (1788). 16

   39. Lepargyraea argentea (Pursh) Greene, Pittonia 2:122 (1890). This small tree was first named Elaeagnus argentea by Nuttall in Fraser's Catalogue in 1-813; but this being a name only, with no description whatever, it cannot be considered valid. In 1814 Pursh in his Flora Americae Septentrionalls, 1:115, described it as Hippophae argentea, giving no credit whatever to Nuttall for the specific name. In 1817 Rafinesque, in the American Monthly Magazine, separated it and erected the genus Lepargyraea, and about a year later Nuttall independently erected the genus Shepherdia (Genera of North American Plants, 2:240, 1818). Nuttall's name was generally accepted and is still used in Gray's and Coulter's Manuals.

   40. Aesculus glabra Willdenow, Enumeratio Plantarum Horti Regii Botanici Berolinensis, 405 (1809).
   41. Acer glabrum Torrey, Annals of the Lyceum of New York, 2:172 (1826).
   42. Acer saccharinum L. Sp. Pl. 1055 (1753). This tree is commonly given the name A. dasycarpum Ehrhart, Beitraege zur Naturkunde, 4:24 (1789), but the name given by Linne certainly belongs to this tree, since the specimens in his herbarium with this name attached, as well as the original description, agree fully with our tree, Dr. Gray long ago (1839), in a letter to Dr. Torrey (Letters of Asa Gray, 1:150), called his attention to the fact that Linne referred to the tree subsequently described by Michaux (Flor. Bor.-Am., 2:253, 1803) as A. criocarpum, which is identical with Ehrhart's A. dasycarpum. For some reason, not now regarded as valid, no effort was made to restore this name, and so we find that in all the editions of Gray's Manual, down to the present, the error has been permitted to stand.
   43. Acer barbatum Michaux, Flora Boreali-Americana, 0-:252 (1803). There has been much confusion as to the names of

this and the preceding species. It appears that this tree was not separated from the preceding species for half a century after Linne had bestowed the name A. saccharinum upon one of our sugar-producing maples. Wangenheim in 1787 (Beytrag zur teutschen holzgerechten Forstwissenschaft die anpflanzung Nordamericanischer Holzarten, page 26), supposing that Linne's description referred to the maple from which most of the sugar is made, described and figured it under the name A. saccharinum. Thus we have had two trees hearing the same name. In 1803 Michaux described this as distinct from A. saccharinum, and his name is therefore the earliest available one. In Gray's: Manual this is still given the name A. saccharinum.
   44. Acer negundo L. Sp. Pl. 1056 (1753). This is the Negundo aceroides Moench (Methodus Plantas Horti Botanici et Agri Marburgensis, 1794), and this name has been generally adopted in American manuals. In Gray's and Coulter's Manuals this name is used. In some lists the name appears as Negundo negundo (L.) Sudworth, while in still others, as Rulac negundo (L.) Hitchcock. Since, however, this tree is really a maple, there is no good reason for abandoning the name originally given by Linne.

   45. Rhus copallina L. Sp. Pl. 266 (1753).

   46. Juglans cinerea L. Sp. Pl., ed. 2, 1415 (1763).
   47. Juglans nigra L. Sp. Pl. 997 (1753).
   48. Hicoria ovata (Mill.) Britton, Bulletin Of the Torrey Botanical Club, 15:283 (1888). This was first called Juglans ovata by Miller in the Gardener's Dictionary, edition 8 (1768). In 1808 Rafinesque separated the hickories generically from the walnuts under the name Hicoria (by a typographical error printed "Scoria"), but Nuttall, in ignorance of this, made a genus with the same limitations, but with the name Carya

(Genera of North American Plants, 2:220, 1818). Nuttall's name was taken up by botanists generally, that of Rafinesque being allowed to remain in obscurity until it was revived by Britton in 1888. Through a mistake by Michaux (Flora Boreali-Americana, 2:193, 1803) this was called by him Juglans alba, but it is not the J. alba of Linne (Sp. Pl. 997, 1753). Nuttall transferred this mistake, calling this tree Carya alba, the name by which it has generally been known. In Gray's Manual, even in the latest edition, Nuttall's name is used.
   49. Hicoria laciniosa (Michaux) Sargent, Silva of North America, VII., 157 (1895). This is the H. sulcata (Nutt.) Britton of previous lists, and is the Carya sulcata of Gray's Manual.
   50. Hicoria alba (L.) Britton, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, 15:283 (1888). This is the Carya tomentosa of Gray's Manual.
   51. Hicoria glabra (Mill.) Britton, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, 15:283 (1888). This is the Carya porcina of Gray's Manual.
   52. Hicoria minima (Marshall) Britton, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, 15:283 (1888). This is the Carya amara of Gray's Manual.

   53. Quercus alba L. Sp. Pl. 996 (1753).
   54. Quercus minor (Marshall) Sargent, Garden and Forest. II., 471 (1889).
   55. Quercus macrocarpa Michaux, Histoire des Chenes de l'Amerique, 2 (1801).
   56. Quercus acuminata (Michx.) Sargent, Garden and Forest, VIII., 93 (1895). This is the Q. prinus, var. acuminata of the fifth edition of Gray's Manual, and the Q. muhlenbergii of the sixth edition. This last name was used in the later lists issued by the botanical department of the University.
   57. Quercus prinoides Willdenow, Neue Schrift. Gesell. Nat. Fr.

Berlin, 3:397 (1801). In the fifth edition of Gray's Manual this bore the name of Q. prinus, var. humilis.
   58. Quercus rubra L. Sp. Pl. 996 (1753).
   59. Quercus coccinea Muenchhausen, Der Hausvater, V., 254 (1770), This species has commonly been attributed to Wangenheim (1787), but Muenchhausen antedates him by seventeen years.
   60. Quercus velutina Lamarck, Dictionnaire de Botanique, 721 (1783). This is the Q. discolor of Aiton (1789), the Q. tinctoria of Michaux (1803), and the Q. coccinea tinctoria of De Candolle (1864), which name it still bears in Gray's Manual.
   61. Quercus marilandica Muenchhausen, Der Hausvater, V: 253 (1770). By a mistake in determination Wangenheim described this tree (1781) under the name Q. nigra, which Linne had applied to another tree, an error which has been continued to the present, still occurring in the latest edition of Gray's Manual.
   62. Quercus imbricaria Michaux, Histoire des Chenes de I'Amerique, 9 (1801).
   63. Ostrya virginiana (Miller) Willdenow, Species Plantarum, 4:469 (1805).
   64. Carpinus caroliniana Walter, Flora Caroliniana, 236 (1788). This is the C. americana of the fifth edition of Gray's Manual, and the C. virginiana of some previous lists.
   65. Betula papyrifera Marshall, Arbustum Americanum, 19 (1785).
   66. Betula occidentalis Hooker, Flora Boreali-Americana, 2:155 (1839).
   67. Betula nigra L. Sp. Pl. 982 (1753).

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