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7. The allies
of Philip now began to desert him, and late in the summer
of 1676 he returned to the vicinity of Mount Hope, pursued by a
party under Captain Church. His wife and son were taken prisoners.
Crushed by this calamity, the savage chief exclaimed, "Now my
heart breaks, and I am ready to die." A few days after, he was
shot by an Indian friendly to the English. His captive son was
sent to Bermuda to be sold into slavery.
8. In this war the
whites had lost six hundred men, besides women and
children; six hundred of their houses had been burned, and twelve
villages were entirely, and many others partially, destroyed. In
addition to these losses, the colonists were burdened with a heavy
debt. Of the Indians, thousands had fallen in battle, and
thousands more joined tribes at the west and in Canada. After
Philip's death a border warfare continued in Maine for nearly two
years.
9.
New England Charters annulled. -- The New
colonies had long been regarded by the king (Charles II.) with no
great favor. In the struggle between his father and Parliament,
they had sided with the latter.1 Massachusetts had not
only refused to acknowledge the authority of the king's
commissioners,2 but had resisted the Navigation
Acts3 as unjust and illegal, and therefore became the
especial object of the king's displeasure. Accordingly, in 1684,
her charter was declared void, and soon afterwards the charters of
the other New England colonies were also annulled.
10.
Charles died before he had time to adjust the
affairs of the colonies; but his successor, James II., pursuing
the same
arbitrary policy, in 1686 appointed the odious Sir Edmund
Andros4 governor of New England. For more than two
years the people endured his tyranny, but in 1689 the
Revolution in England5 drove James II. from his
throne, and from New England its oppressors.
When news of the Revolution reached Boston, the
people seized Andros and his associates, and sent them to England
to answer for maladministration, and the New England colonies
returned to their former mode of government. See p. 76, ¶
3.
1 After the Restoration they had sheltered from royal vengeance three of the regicide judges, William Goffe, Edward Whalley, and John Dixwell.
2 See p. 42, ¶ 3. 3 See p. 34, ¶ 4. 4 See p. 55, ¶ 2.
5 This Revolution is called the Revolution of 1688. It was consummated in February, which -- as the civil year then began March 25 -- was February, 1688, instead of, as by the present reckoning, February, 1689. See Contemporary Chronology, p. 99 (1752).
QUESTIONS. -- 7. What more is said of Philip? 8. What were the losses of the whites? of the Indians? 9. Why did the king annul the New England charters? What special reasons in the case of Massachusetts? 10. Who was appointed governor of New England? when, and by whom? Character of Andros's administration? When and how was New England relieved from its oppressors? What was done with Andros and his associates?
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CHAPTER III.
NEW HAMPSHIRE.
1. Two years after the
landing of the Pilgrims,1 Sir Ferdinando
Gorges2 and Captain John Mason obtained 
from
the Council of Plymouth a grant of lands lying between the
Merrimac and the Kennebec. The next year the proprietors sent out
two small parties, one of which formed a settlement that has grown
to be the present city of Portsmouth;3 the other
established itself at Cocheco, now Dover. For several years
these towns were mere fishing stations.
In
1629 the partnership between Gorges and Mason was dissolved. The
former took the part lying east of the Piscataqua;2 the
latter that lying west, and named his province New
Hampshire.4
1 See p. 36, § II. 2 See p. 42, ¶ 2. 3 First called Strawberry Bank
4 After the county of Hampshire, England, in which Mason lived.
QUESTIONS. -- 1. What grant was made to Gorges and Mason, and when? What is said of the settlement of Portsmouth and Dover? What division was made of the grant to Gorges and Mason? What name did Mason give his province?
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Religious troubles in
Massachusetts contributed to the settlement of New Hampshire. Some
banished followers of Mrs. Hutchinson,1 led by her
brother-in-law, the Rev. John Wheelwright, in 1638 founded
Exeter.
2. In 1641 the scattered settlements in New
Hampshire were united to Massachusetts, of 
whose
history theirs forms a part for nearly forty years, when, by order
of the 1679. crown, New Hampshire was made a royal
province, governed by a President and Council 
appointed
by the king, and a House of Representatives elected by the people.
The province fell, with the rest of New England, into the power of
Andros;2 but after the Revolution in England freed the
colonies from his tyranny, the people placed themselves again
under the jurisdiction of Massachusetts.
3. Robert Mason, grandson
and heir of John Mason, arrived in New Hampshire in 1681, and, as
Lord Proprietor, demanded that leases should be taken out under
him. His demands were resisted in the courts of low; and so
determined was the hostility of the people that judgements
obtained in his favor could not be enforced. See p. 75, ¶
2.
CHAPTER IV.
CONNECTICUT.3
I. COLONY
OF CONNECTICUT. --
1. The Earl of Warwick was the first proprietor of the
son
of Connecticut,4 under a grant from the Council of
Plymouth. By him it was transferred, in 1631, to Lord Say and
Seal, Lord Brooke, and others. The territory so conveyed had for
its eastern boundary the Narraganset River, and for its western,
like most of the colonial grants, the Pacific Ocean.
2. Two years after this transfer,
a few men, under Captain Holmes, from the Plymouth colony,
sailed up the Connecticut to the place where Hartford now stands.
Here the Dutch, the discoverers of the river, had erected a
fort, and were ready to dispute possession with the English.
Regardless of the threats of the Dutch commandant, Captain Holmes
pressed forward and established a trading-house at
Windsor.
1 See p. 41, ¶ 6. 2 See p. 44, ¶ 10. 3 See Map, p. 466
4 Connecticut takes its name from that of its principal river, which is an Indian word signifying Long River.
QUESTIONS. -- What contributed to the settlement of New Hampshire? When and by whom was Exeter founded? 2. When was New Hampshire united to Massachusetts? What took place nearly forty years after? What after the Revolution in England? 3. What is said of Robert Mason and his claim? 1. Who was the first proprietor of Connecticut? To whom did he convey it? Boundaries? I 2. What to said of Captain Holmes, and the Dutch?
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3. In 1634 a company
consisting of the churches of Watertown, Dorchester, and
Newtown (now Cambridge), made preparations for removal to the
banks of the Connecticut, and the same year some of the Watertown
peope (sic) began a settlement at Wethersfield. The next
year a small party emigrated from Dorchester to Windsor,
and in 1636 the final emigration of the company took place. Those
from 
Newtown, with the Rev. Thomas Hooker, "the light of the western
churches," settled at Hartford.
With no guide but a compass, they made
their way, on foot, over mountains, swamps, and rivers. During
their journey, which lasted a fortnight. they lived chiefly upon
the milk of the cows they drove with them.
4. Saybrook Colony. -- In 1635 John
Winthrop, son of the Massachusetts governor, as agent
for Lord
Say and Seal and Lord Brooke, built a fort at the mouth of the
Connecticut, and made a settlement there, which he named, in honor
of his employers, Saybrook. In 1644 this colony was united with
the settlements farther up the river, already organized as a
distinct commonwealth.
5. The Pequot War. --
The year 1637 is distinguished, in the history of Connecticut, for
a 
war
with the Pequots,1 which resulted in the entire
destruction of that tribe.
The previous year a number of whites had been murdered by Pequot, and Narraganset2 Indians. The latter made satisfaction to the colonies; the former, failing to do so, were only incited to further outrages by an inefficient attempt to punish them. In the spring it was resolved to crush the Pequots. Captain John Mason, at the head of about eighty men from the river towns, and more than four hundred friendly Indians under Uncas, sachem of the Mohegans,1 and Miantonomoh, of the Narragansets,3 surprised the enemy in their stronghold,4 in the present town of Groton, burned their fort, and killed six hundred men, women, and children. Of the English, two were killed and twenty wounded.
1 See p. 22, note II., 3.) 2 See p. 22, note (II., 2.)
3 The Mohegans were friendly to the English; the Narragansets would have been persuaded to make common cause with the Pequots, but for Roger Williams, who, at the risk of his life, visited the wigwam of their chief, and there confronting the deputies of the Pequots, he not only prevented the alliance, but induced the wavering Narragansets to aid the colonists.
4 Mason approached the fort at daybreak. The barking of a dog roused the sleeping sentinel, who ran into the fort, crying out, "Owanux! Owanux!" Englishmen! Englishmen! The troops rushed to the attack, and immediately were within the palisades, fighting hand to hand with the half-awakened savages. The Pequots far outnumbered their assailants. and, recovering from their first surprise, made a brave resistance. victory seemed doubtful, when Mason, exclaiming, "We must burn them!" set fire to one of the wigwams in the enclosure. The flames rapidly enveloped the frail cabins, and drove many from their shelter to become an easy prey to the English musket.
QUESTIONS. -- 3. What is said of the settlement of Wethersfield, Windsor, and Hartford? 4. Give an account of the Saybrook colony? 5. When did the Pequot war break out? The result? -- Cause of the war? Describe Mason's expedition against the Pequots.
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6. This
terrible blow so disheartened the Pequots, that they made
not much further resistance. Some were enslaved, others
distributed among the Mohegans and Narragansets, and the tribe
ceased to exist. Sassacus, their chief, escaped to the
Mohawks,1 who put him to death. The New England
Indians, awed by the fearful retribution meted out to the Pequots,
did not molest the colonies for nearly forty
years.2
7. In 1639 the freemen of Windsor,
Hartford, and Wethersfield, finding tbemselves without 
the
limits of Massachusetts, assembled at Hartford, and organized a
separate government for the Connecticut Colony. They
adopted a constitution,3 which ordained that a
governor, deputy governor, and magistrates should be elected
annually by the freemen, and that these officers, with
representatives chosen by the towns, should constitute the
legislature of the colony.
8. In 1650 a treaty was
concluded at Hartford, which established a dividing line between
the English and Dutch colonies,4 near the
present boundary between Connecticut and New York, on the main
land. The latter were to retain their "Fort of Good
Hope,"5 in Hartford, and the lands belonging to it. But
four years later, when the English colonies apprehended further
troubles with them in consequence of the war between England and
Holland, the legislature at Hartford took possession of these; and
the Dutch thenceforth prosecuted no further claims in New
England.
II. COLONY
OF NEW
HAVEN. -- 1. New Haven was founded
in 1638, by a company of 
emigrants
under the lead of John Davenport, a distinguished nonconformist
minister of London, and Theophilus Eaton, an eminent London
merchant. This and the neighboring towns, which were settled soon
after were known as the New Haven colony.6
2. The next year they established a
government, adopted the Scriptures as the law of the
colony, and restricted, as had been done in Massachusetts, the
right of voting and of holding office to church members. Mr. Eaton
was annually chosen governor of the colony until his death, -- a
period of nearly twenty years. New Haven shared with Connecticut
her difficulties with the Dutch.
1 See p. 22, note (I., 1.) 2 See p. 42, ¶ 4.
3 The first example in history of a written constitution formed by the people. It was the basis of their government till the adoption of the present constitution in 1818.
4 See p. 54, ¶ 7. 5 See p. 46, Chap. IV., ¶ 2.
6 Davenport and his associates arrived at Boston during the Hutchinson controversy (see p. 41, 41 6). Wishing to avoid the religious dissensions then disturbing Massachusetts, they determined to settle elsewhere, and Quinnipiack, now New Haven, was fixed upon as their future home.
QUESTIONS. -- 6. What further is said of the Pequots? Effect upon the New England Indians of this retribution? 7. When and by what settlements was a government organized for the towns on the Connecticut? What did the constitution ordain? 8. What treaty was concluded between the English and Dutch colonies, and when? When and why were the Dutch driven out of Hartford? 1. When and by whom was New Haven founded? 2. What is said of the government of the colony? What of Mr. Eaton? What of difficulties with the Dutch?
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III.
CONNECTICUT AND NEW
HAVEN UNITED. -- 1.
In 1665, under a charter granted 
three
years before by Charles II., Connecticut and New Haven were
united, and styled the Colony of Connecticut. The
charter1 confirmed the privileges of the Connecticut
constitution,2 and embraced the territory granted to
Lord Say and Seal and Lord Brooke3
2. Connecticut and New
York. -- While Connecticut, with the other colonies of New
England, was involved in the terrible war with Philip,4
she was threatened with the loss of a large part of her territory
from the claims of the Duke of York, into whose hands New
Netherland, now New York, had been given by his brother, Charles
II. With characteristic perfidy, Charles, disregarding the
Connecticut charter, had granted to the duke a province 
which
had the Connecticut as its eastern boundary.5
Accordingly, Edmund Andros,6
then governor of New York, -- the same who was afterwards
so
conspicuous an instrument of tyranny in New England, proceeded to
Saybrook with a small force, to assert his authority. But he met
with so determined resistance that he relinquished the attempt. In
1683 the boundary between New York and Connecticut was
established, much as at present.7
3. In 1687, the
year after Sir Edmund Andros landed in Boston as governor
of New England, he went to Hartford, and, entering the legislative
assembly, demanded the charter, and declared the colonial
government dissolved. Reluctant to surrender the charter, the
assembly protracted its debates till evening. Upon a preconcerted
signal the lights were extinguished, and Captain Wadsworth seized
the charter, which lay upon the table, and secreted it in the
hollow of an oak. Sir Edmund,
1 To the younger Winthrop, one of the most accomplished men of the age, was the province chiefly indebted for the liberality of her charter. He went to England as the agent of Connecticut, of which he was the governor, and so won the favor of the monarch, that he obtained a charter more liberal in its provisions than any that had yet issued from the throne.
2 See p. 48: ¶ 7 3 See p. 46, Chap. IV., ¶ 1. 4 See p. 42, ¶ 4.
5 See p. 54, ¶ 8. 6 See p. 44, ¶ 10. 7 The boundary was finally run in 1731.
QUESTIONS. -- 1. When and under what name were Connecticut and New Haven united? What did the charter confirm? What did it embrace? 4. When and how was Connecticut threatened with a loss of territory? Who was then governor of New York? Describe his attempt to assert his authority over Connecticut. What is said of the boundary between New York and Connecticut? 3. Give an account of the course of Andros in Connecticut
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