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CHRONOLOGICAL REVIEW.
[The figures in and at the end of the paragraphs in the Chronological Review refer to the pages upon which the events are mentioned.]
Lincoln became
president in 1861, 239. He entered upon a second term in 1865,
but, April 14, was assassinated, 308, and Vice-President
Johnson succeeded to the presidency, 309.
During these administrations the most formidable
rebellion known to history was subdued, and slavery in the United
States was abolished by an amendment of the Constitution.
1861. The rebels began the war by an
attack upon Fort Sumter, which was evacuated April 14. The
president called for troops, and summoned Congress to meet in
extra session, 240. Jefferson Davis issued letters of marque and
reprisal, and President Lincoln proclaimed a blockade of the rebel
ports, 242. Four more slave states joined the Confederacy,
241.
The Federals, in Virginia, were disastrously
defeated at Bull Run (July 21), 243, and in the autumn at
Ball's Bluff, but were victorious at Dranesville,
246. In West Virginia, General McClellan, in July, gained
victories over the rebels at Rich Mountain and Carrick's
Ford, and before the end of the year that region was nearly
cleared of armed rebels, 247.
In Kentucky, the rebels, in September, took
possession of Hickman and Columbus, and the Union troops, under
General Grant, occupied Paducah, 250.
West of the Mississippi, General Lyon captured
the rebel troops at Camp Jackson in May, 248, but fell back
from the hard-fought battle of Wilson's Creek (August 10),
249.
On the Atlantic coast the Federals captured the
rebel works at Hatteras Inlet (August 29), at Port Royal
Entrance (November 7), and took Tybee Island, 251.
The Federal navy blockaded the whole Gulf and
Atlantic coast of the rebel states, and rendered important service
elsewhere. Rebel privateers inflicted great injury on Federal
commerce, 252.
1862. The Federal government prohibited
slavery in the territories, and abolished it in the District of
Columbia; authorized the enlistment of colored troops, and enacted
a test oath, 253.
In the west, east of the Mississippi, the
Federals gained a victory at Mill Springs (January 19);
captured Fort Henry, and Fort Donelson, 254, and
Nashville; were victorious, under General Grant, at
Pittsburg Landing (April 6 and 7), 255; and, under General
Halleck, compelled the enemy to evacuate Corinth (May 30).
In the autumn, the Federals, under General Rosecrans, defeated the
enemy at Iuka, 256, and again before Corinth. The
rebels lost the battle at Perryville (October 8), 257; and
at Murfreesboro
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1862. they were beaten by General Rosecrans in a
three days' battle, which began December 31, 258.
West of the Mississippi, Union victories at
Pea Ridge (March 7 and 8), 258, and, nine months
afterwards, at Prairie Grove, decided the fate of Missouri
and Arkansas, 259.
The rebel posts on the Mississippi, as far as
Vicksburg, successively yielded to the Federals, 259, and Admiral
Farragut opened the river from its mouth to New Orleans
(April 25), of which city General Butler took military possession,
260.
On the Atlantic coast General Burnside and
Commodore Goldsborough captured Roanoke Island, and before
the end of April nearly the whole coast of North Carolina was at
the mercy of the Federals, who also had reduced Fort
Pulaski. The rebel ram Merrimac, after a day's havoc
among the Union vesssels (sic) in Hampton Roads (March 8), was
driven back to Norfolk by the Monitor, 264.
In Virginia, the rebels were beaten at
Winchester, 266. The Army of the Potomac, under McClellan,
compelled them to evacuate Yorktown, beat them at
Williamsburg, repulsed them at Seven Pines and
Fair Oaks (May 31), 267. Meanwhile Stonewall Jackson drove
the Federals from the Shenandoah Valley, and then joined General
Lee before Richmond, 268. Lee now, in a seven days'
campaign of almost constant fighting, raised the siege of the
rebel capital, pursuing McClellan to the James, where the latter
repulsed the rebels, with great loss, at Malvern Hill (July
1), 269. The rebels next, moved against the Army of Virginia,
commanded by General Pope, and, after a series of conflicts,
beginning at Cedar Mountain and ending at Chantilly
(September 1), compelled him to fall back within the defences of
Washington, 271. Lee next invaded Maryland. McClellan gained a
victory over him at South Mountain, and by the great battle
of Antietam (September 17) forced the rebels, who had
meanwhile captured Harper's Ferry, back to Virginia, 272.
Burnside superseded McClellan, And was badly defeated at
Fredericksburg (December 13), 273.
During the summer, the Sioux war broke out. It
was suppressed the next year, 274.
1863. President Lincoln signalized the
opening of the new year by issuing the Emancipation Proclamation,
275.
In the west, east of the Mississippi, the
Federals under Rosecrans were defeated at the Chickamauga
(September 19 and 20), and besieged in Chattanooga. The
siege was raised, and the enemy thoroughly defeated by Grant, in a
three days' battle, beginning November 23, 276 Soon after, the
rebels were repulsed before Knoxville, by Burnside,
277.
In Arkansas, the rebels were repulsed (July 4)
at Helena, and, in September, Little Rock was
captured, 278.
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1863. Vicksburg was surrendered
to General Grant (July 4), 279, and a few days later Port
Hudson to General Banks, 281.
In Virginia, General Hooker superseded Burnside
and was severely beaten at Chancellorsville (May 2, 3, 4)
by Lee, who soon after set out for a second invasion of the loyal
states. General Meade superseded Hooker beat Lee in the great and
decisive battle of Gettysburg (July 1, 2, 3), and pursued
him into Virginia, 283.
Rebel sympathizers excited a riot in New York
city, in opposition to drafting, 286.
1864. Among the earlier events were the
expedition to Meridian, 287, the Red River
expedition, 288, a Federal defeat at Olustee, Florida, and
the loss of Plymouth and Washington, North Carolina,
289.
Grant was appointed to the chief command of the
Union armies, 290, and, with the Army of the Potomac, crossing the
Rapidan (May 4), met the enemy in bloody conflicts in the
Wilderness, at Spottsylvania, the North Anna,
and Cold Harbor. Then crossing the James (June 14). joined
by Butler from Fortress Monroe, he laid siege to Petersburg
and Richmond, 291, and fought his way south as far as
Hatcher's Run (October 27). Meanwhile the rebels made a
third invasion of Maryland, 294. They were soon obliged to
retreat, but hovered near the Potomac till General Sheridan, in a
brilliant campaign, ending in the victory of Cedar Creek
(October 19), closed the war in the Shenandoah valley, 295.
In the west, General Sherman made his famous
march to the sea. Setting out (May 6) from Chattanooga, he
fought the enemy at Resaca, Dallas, and Kenesaw
Mountain, and captured Atlanta (September 2), 297; then
sweeping through Georgia to the sea, he carried Fort
McAllister by assault, and took Savannah (December 21),
300. Meanwhile the rebels had been successfully resisted at
Franklin, and disastrously routed at Nashville
(December 15, 16) by General Thomas, 299.
The rebels invaded Missouri, but were driven
back, 301.
Three English-built rebel cruisers were
captured, one of them being the notorious privateer Alabama
(June 19), 301.
1865. Fort
Fisher, North Carolina, was captured (January 15). Sherman
swept northward through South Carolina, drove the rebels from
Columbia, 304; compelled them to evacuate
Charleston; then pressing forward into North Carolina, beat
them at Averysboro' and at Bentonsville, and entered
Goldsboro' (March 23), 305.
Grant's army began the final campaign (March
29), gave the rebels a crushing defeat at Five Forks,
captured Richmond and Petersburg, and compelled Lee
to surrender (April 9), near Appomattox Court House, 307.
Mobile was taken, 306. Before the end of May all the rebel
armies had surrendered, 309.
Jefferson Davis was captured (May 11), 310.
1866. The Atlantic cable was laid, 315.
1867. The Reconstruction Bill became a
law, 316.
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1867. Nebraska was admitted to the Union, 316. Alaska was purchased from Russia, 316.
1868. President Johnson was impeached, tried, and acquitted, 317. The Fourteenth Amendment was adopted, 318. Universal amnesty proclaimed, 318.
1869. General Grant was inaugurated president, 318. The Pacific Railroad was completed, 319.
1870. The Fifteenth Amendment was adopted, 319. The "Fenians" invaded Canada, 319.
1871. The Joint High Commission met at Washington and concluded a treaty in reference to the Alabama and other claims, 319. A terrible conflagration visited Chicago, 320.
1872. The Alabama Claims Commission sat at Geneva and awarded to the United States $15,500,000, 320. A destructive fire occurred at Boston, 321. President Grant was re-elected, 821.
1873. Grant began his second term of office as president, 321. A war with the Modoc Indians took place, 322. A general depression in mercantile and financial affairs was felt throughout the country, 322.
1874. Political disturbances prevailed in Louisiana and South Carolina, 322.
1875. Colorado applied for admission to the Union, 323.
1876. The Centennial Exhibition was held at Philadelphia, 323. War was carried on against the Sioux Indians, 323. Colorado was admitted to the Union, 323. Rutherford B. Hayes was elected president, 324.
1877. The Electoral Commission was established by Congress, 324. President Hayes was inaugurated, 324.
1878. The Silver Bill was passed by Congress. The Bankrupt Act was repealed. The Fisheries Commission sat at Halifax, and awarded to Great Britain $5,500,000, 326.
1879. Specie payment was resumed, 326.
The Ute Indians created disturbances in Colorado. A general
revival of business took place throughout the United States,
327.
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CONTEMPORARY CHRONOLOGY.
1861. Decree for the emancipation of
serfs issued by the Emperor of Russia.
Expedition against Mexico by France, England,
and Spain. The two latter powers soon abandoned the
enterprise.
Italy, except Rome and Venice, united into one
kingdom under Victor Emmanuel.
1862. Revolution in Greece, and flight
of King Otho. Prince George, of Denmark, was made king the next
year.
Maximilian declared Emperor of Mexico.
1864. War of Austria and Prussia
against Denmark. The latter power lost Schleswig-Holstein and
other territory.
War between Spain and Peru.
Paraguay declared war against Brazil. The
Argentine Republic took sides with Brazil.
1865. War between Spain and Chili. Peru joined Chili in the war.
1866. War of Prussia and Italy against
Austria and other German States. Defeat of the Austrians in the
great battle of Sadowa. Austria gave up Venice, which was made
over to Italy. Prussia obtained great territorial acquisitions,
and the leadership of all Germany.
Insurrection in Candia (Crete) against
Turkey.
1867. The provinces of Upper and Lower
Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick united under one
government, called the Dominion of Canada.
The Emperor Maximilian was captured by the
Mexicans, tried, found guilty of usurpation, and shot.
1868. Invasion of Abyssinia by the
British, on account of the refusal of the Abyssinians to release
the British consul and others whom they had captured. It soon
ended, by the capture of the fortress of Magdala and the suicide
of King Theodore.
Revolution in Spain. General Prim placed at the
head of the government, and Queen Isabella expelled.
Disraeli succeeded Lord Derby as prime minister
of England, who was in turn succeeded by Gladstone.
Differences sprang up between Turkey and Greece,
growing out of the action of the Greek government in the war with
Crete. They were amicably settled by a conference of the Great
Powers.
Civil war in Japan.
Insurrection in Cuba.
1869. End of civil war in Japan.
Cortez established regency in Spain. Marshal
Serrano was appointed regent.
The OEcumenical Council was opened at Rome by
Pope Plus IX.
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1870. Canada was invaded by the
Fenians. They were quickly repulsed. A great conflagration took
place in Constantinople. 7000 buildings were burned and 2000 lives
lost.
War was declared by France against Germany.
1871. Amadeus accepted the crown of
Spain.
The war between France and Germany ended. The
provinces of Alsace and Lorraine were ceded to Germany, and France
required to pay an indemnity.
1873. The Sultan of Zanzibar signed a
treaty with Great Britain for the suppression of the
slave-trade.
King Amadeus abdicated the throne of Spain, and
a republic was established.
An international exposition was held at
Vienna.
1874. Senor Castelar resigned, and Marshal Serrano was elected president of the Spanish republic.
1875. The Turks made war upon Herzegovina. The insurrection in Bosnia and Servia was suppressed.
1876. Queen Victoria was entitled "Empress of India."
1877. War was declared by Russia against Turkey.
1878. The war between Russia and
Turkey ended. Treaty of Berlin signed.
An international exposition was held at
Paris.
A defensive treaty between England and Turkey
was concluded.
1879. Marshal MacMahon, of France,
resigned.
Zulu war in South Africa.
War between Chili and Peru.
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© 1999, 2000, 2001 for NEGenWeb Project by Ted & Carole Miller