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     President, O. W. Neale; vice president, Louella M. Bernhard; secretary, Carrie Robertson; treasurer, Mrs. Frances Knox.

     State Supt. J. L. McBrien delivered a lecture on "Education and Patriotism," and Prof. E. A. Garlichs conducted a musicale.

     President, W. H. Pate; vice president, Mrs. Frances E. Knox; secretary, R. O. Chambers. treasurer, Paul Goss.

     Address, "Salaries and Tenure of Public School Teachers of the United States," State Supt. J. L. McBrien; address, "The Outlook in Education," Pres. A. O. Thomas; lecture, "As You Like It," Prof. H. F. Carson.

     President, E. S. Cowan, Ogalalla; vice president, Hattie Elder, Kimball; secretary, Mrs. Genevieve Richmond, Ogalalla; treasurer, Wilson Tout, North Platte.

     A musicale was given Friday evening; and the annual declamatory contest of the West Nebraska Declamatory Association was given Saturday evening.

     The following condensed history of the Nebraska State Teachers' Association was edited from the minutes and programs of the various sessions of the association by Miss Jennie B. Adams, Department Secretary.

     The Nebraska State Teachers' Association has played an important part in the educational history of the state. Our state educational institutions and our school laws owe their existence very largely to the activities of the state teachers' association. It is of interest to note that many of the subjects on which legislation has been secured recently were urged many years ago by progressive school men and women who could see into the future. We owe a debt of gratitude to the early Nebraska pioneers in education.

     On account of the great volume of material in the records, we have found it necessary to omit very much of interest. Since the general sessions and the county superintendents' sections include largely the features of historical importance, we have confined the history of the state association to an account of these meetings.
        14

Brownville, Neb., October 16-17, 1867.

     Pursuant to notice, the friends of education and teachers met at the public school building, Brownville, Neb., October 16, 1867. Colonel R. W. Furnas was called to the chair, and F. H. Williams was elected secretary pro tem.

     A committee of three, consisting of J. H. McKenzie, O. B. Hewett and J. S. Church, was appointed to draft a constitution for the association.

     The standing committee was instructed to arrange a programme for the afternoon and have hand bills struck off and scattered through the city.

     The following persons were nominated and elected: O. B. Hewett, Brownville, president; O. H. Irish, Nebraska City, secretary; J. H. McKenzie, Peru, corresponding secretary.

     A short introductory address was delivered by Professor I. T. Goodnow, Manhattan, Kas.; an evening address given by Professor Goodnow on "Memory" and an afternoon address by the same person on "Gymnastics."

     The committee on resolutions reported as follows:

     "1. Resolved, That we believe the interests of education demand that we adopt a uniform system of textbooks throughout the state. And we believe that the state superintendent (when one is provided) should be empowered to select and recommend the books to be adopted and have the power to enforce their adoption by adequate penalties.

     "2. Resolved, That in order to insure success in carrying forward our educational system it is indispensably necessary to establish the office of state superintendent of public instruction, and also provide for the. election of county superintendents.

     "3. Resolved, That every teacher should so far as possible classify his school and give a certain amount of time to each class at the same hour each day.

      "4. Resolved, That a teachers' institute should be held in every state senatorial district yearly."

     After the discussion and adoption of the first resolution, the association listened to an interesting address from the president, Judge O. B. Hewett; subject, "The Teacher's Work."

     In the evening the lecture from Professor Goodnow was on the "English Language--Its Origin, Structure, Etc." He took the ground that every student who has but two or three terms to devote to school ought to study the English language exclusively in preference to dabbling in Latin or Greek.

     For the four addresses delivered by Professor Goodnow he was paid the sum of $30.

     Fifty-nine were present and signed the constitution at the first session.

     (The minutes. do not contain a record of the number of members present at the state association meetings up to the year 1889, when a list of 281 members is given. The number present may be approximated in some cases by means of the treasurer's report, remembering that $1 was collected for membership fees, and 50 cents annual dues. The treasurer, however, does not in his report separate the amounts received from new members from the amounts received from annual dues.)

     For the purpose of elevating the profession of teaching, and promoting the interests of schools in Nebraska, we, whose names are affixed, associate ourselves together, under the following

     Article I. This association shall be styled "the Nebraska State Teachers' Association."

     Art. II. The officers of this association shall consist of a president, one vice president from each organized county in the state, and the county superintendent or person acting as county superintendent shall be vice president ex-officio; a recording secretary, a treasurer, and an executive committee consisting of five persons.

     Art. III. It shall be the duty of the president to preside at all meetings of the association. In case of vacancy or his absence, it shall be the duty of any one of the vice presidents to perform the same duty.

     Art. IV. It shall be the duty of the recording secretary to perform the duties usually devolving upon that officer.

     Art. V. It shall be the duty of the corresponding secretary to correspond with associations of a similar character and to correspond with individuals, under the direction of the executive committee. He shall further keep a foil copy of all communications from and to him in a book provided for that purpose; keep such correspondence on file, and report the same whenever called upon to do so, at any regular meeting of the association.

     Art. VI. It shall be the duty of the treasurer to receive and keep all funds belonging to the association, and pay out the same only on orders from the chairman of the executive committee; to keep a faithful account of all moneys received and expended, and report the condition of the finances when called upon to do so at any regular meeting of the association.

     Art. VII. The executive committee shall carry into effect all orders and resolutions of the association, and shall devise and put into operation such other measures not inconsistent with the object of this association, as it shall deem best. It shall fix the time and place for holding all regular meetings of the association, and shall appoint an annual meeting each year, secure speakers, and arrange business to come before the associaton (sic). It shall keep a full record of its pro-

ceedings and present an annual report of the same to the association.

     Art. VIII. The executive committee shall hold its first meeting as soon after election as practicable. Three members of said committee shall constitute a quorum for business, and afterward may meet upon its own adjournments or appointments.

     Art. IX. The funds of this association shall consist of fees for membership, annual dues and contributions; and shall be expended under the direction of the executive committee, through its chairman.

     Art. X. Any teacher, or active friend of education, may become a member of this association by subscribing to this constitution and paying the treasurer the sum of one dollar.

     Art. XI. The annual dues of this association shall be fifty cents for each member.

     Art. XII. The executive officers of this association shall be chosen at the annual meeting of this association, and shall hold their offices for one year, or until their successors are elected.

     Art. XIII. This association shall have the power at any regular meeting to make any by-law, providing it is not in conflict with the constitution.

     Art. XIV. This constitution may be altered or amended by a majority of the members present at any regular meeting of this association.

     SECOND ANNUAL SESSION.

     Nebraska City, July 28-30, 1868.

     Rev. George S. Alexander read the opening address- Professor O. B. Hewett, the president of the association, delivered the annual address.

     The association adopted the report of the committee on resolutions, providing that the executive committee of the association, together with the president, O. B. Hewitt, should manage the matter of drafting a school law for the state.

      The following resolution of the Rev. George S. Alexander of Nebraska City was adopted, after full and free discussion:

     "Resolved, That a system of education in accordance with the suggestions of Hon. O. B. Hewett, broad and catholic, without distinction of party, sex, or church--a comprehensive common school for every district--a high school for every town, and an academy or normal school for every precinct, and one well endowed state university, in all of which tuition shall be free for all, and to which admission shall be regulated by intellectual qualifications alone, meets our most hearty endorsement and approval, and for the consummation of such a system we pledge our undivided sympathy and support."

     The committee on resolutions reported the following series, which, having been read, were considered seriatim and the resolutions severally adopted:

     "Resolved, That the utility and great necessity of teachers' institutes for the instruction of teachers in the art of their profession, in the absence of sufficient normal schools, urgently demand governmental aid, and we therefore earnestly recommend the appropriation, by legislative enactment, of sufficient funds for the establishment of annual institutes, to be held in such places in the state as shall be deemed most convenient for the assembling of the teachers.

     "Resolved, That we rejoice in the establishment and successful opening of the State Normal School, and that we will encourage our young people, who contemplate teaching, to avail themselves of its advantages. And we urge upon the attention of the legislature the Importance of the early completion of the building, the proper protection of the grounds, and the purchase of a library and complete apparatus for illustrating the natural sciences. In our judgment an appropriation of not less than $25,000 should be made immediately for these objects.

     "Resolved, That in a country where government is in the hands of all the people, education should be universal; therefore, we deem It not incompatible with the genius of our institutions to require that every child shall be instructed in the rudiments of a common school education, and that this requirement should be enforced by appropriate legislation.

     "Resolved, That the erection of the school house, the healthy, sound, progressive development of both physical and mental culture, demand ample ventilation, well constructed seats and desks adapted to the size and comfort of the scholars; that sufficient land should be secured for play grounds, and trees and shrubbery provided in order to make the place beautiful and attractive; and we earnestly recommend these subjects to school boards as matters of vital importance to the educational progress of the state.

     "Resolved, That the greatest success in the educational progress of scholars is attained by the proper grading of schools, and we therefore earnestly request school boards in all districts where it is practicable so to do, to establish the proper system of grades in their schools without unnecessary delay.

     "Resolved, That we regard a knowledge of the Bible of vital importance to our national interests, and in no case can we ever consent to the exclusion of it from any institution of learning under the patronage of the state; and we do most earnestly urge upon the attention of our legislature and people the necessity of legal provision and safeguards upon this subject.

     "Resolved, That the rudimentary principles of American political economy-more especially the functions of the various departments of our government, the obligations and mutual relations of rulers and People-should form n distinct branch of instruction in our public schools.

     "Resolved, That while we fully endorse and approve of a classical course of study in our colleges and universities, believing it necessary to the highest success in certain professional and literary pursuits, nevertheless we rejoice that, in accordance with the demands of practical and common life, the best of our collegiate institutions are holding out to the student a choice between a classical and scientific curriculum, with the assurance that, in either course he may enter, true merit will meet like honors and rewards.

     "Resolved, That the best interests of our schools require uniformity in textbooks.

     "Resolved, That the best future interests of our state demand the early establishment, by legislative enactment under control of the state, of a reform school for the moral, religious and intellectual training of vagabond youth, and young persons convicted of crimes; and that we earnestly commend such legislative action as will provide the necessary means for the speedy establishment of such a school."

     Colonel Irish offered the following, which was agreed to:

     "Resolved, That the executive committee be instructed to consider and, if possible, act upon the subject of a monthly or quarterly educational journal, and that we pledge this body to extend the circulation of such a publication as far as possible."

     Rev. John M. Taggart of Otoe county was elected president, county

     superintendents of the state, vice presidents; Professor L. W. Peet of Otoe county, recording secretary; Professor Lyman Hutchinson of Douglas county, corresponding secretary, and Professor George B. Moore of Nemaha county, treasurer. Executive committee: Hon. O. B. Hewett of Brownville, Colonel O. H. Irish of Nebraska, Ciy (sic), Rev. W. B. Slaughter of Omaha, Hon. A. F. Harvey of Lincoln, and Professor J. M. McKenzie of Peru.

      The treasurer's report showed receipts from membership and dues amounting to $46, expenditures $43, with $3 cash on hand.

     Thirty-eight new members were enrolled. This indicates a total attendance of fifty-four at the association.

Omaha, Neb., August 25-26, 1869.

     The association convened in the court room, some sixty being present. Owing to the absence of President John M. Taggart, Vice President Louis A. Walker presided.

     Professor Seagrave entertained the association on Wednesday evening with an able address upon the subject, "Educators and Education."

     On Thursday forenoon the Rev. Roswell Foster of New York City was Introduced. His address, though not complimentary to the schools of the state, was in many respects excellent, parental fondness and

anxiety causing him to censure too highly, perhaps, the course of study and general management of the schools of Nebraska.

     On Thursday afternoon Professor W. M. French of the Deaf and Dumb Institute of Omaha (himself a mute) delivered through B. E. B. Kennedy as reader a very valuable address, presenting the claims of the institution over which he so ably presided.

     The following resolutions were adopted:

     "Resolved, That the management of the state normal school at Peru receive the full approbation of this association, and that we will use our efforts to secure its efficiency and patronage.

     "Resolved, That series of teachers' institutes should he held each year, and this association commends this subject to the especial attention of the state superintendent of public instruction,

     "Resolved, That while we consider the present school law as not adequate to the wants nor best adapted to the condition of the state educational interest, yet inasmuch as it has become inaugurated and the schools partially organized under the provisions, we do not deem It expedient to advocate a radical change at present.

     "Resolved, That we approve the creation of state and county superintendents, yet we believe provision ought to be made for their appointment in some way that would relieve them from the chance of being entirely controlled by partisan influences."

     The following officers were elected: O. B. Seagrave of the Seagrave Bros. Academy, president; county superintendents of the state, vice presidents; P. M. Martin of the normal school, recording secretary; S. W. McGreir of the London Academy, corresponding secretary, and George B. Moore of the Brownville Union School, treasurer. Executive committee: Professor J. M. McKenzie, Professor A. A. Seagrave, Hon. L. A. Walker, A. D. Jones and J. S. Church.

     Forty new members were enrolled.

Brownville, Neb., August 16-18, 1870.

     Association convened as per call of the executive committee in the Union School chapel at Brownville, O. B. Seagrave, president.

     Owing to the absence of Superintendent Parker of Missouri, President Seagrave introduced Hon. O. B. Hewett, as the speaker of the evening, he having been selected as alternate by the chairman of the committee.

     On Wednesday forenoon President Seagrave gave the annual address. The topic, "The Proper Time for Opening the State University," was then taken up and the discussion led by State Superintendent Beals. Further consideration of this topic was referred to the committee on resolutions.

     Wednesday afternoon Professor McKenzie gave an address on "Normal Training." Then followed a discussion on "Best Methods of

Grading Certificates," and a discussion on "Should We Establish Another Normal School?"

     Wednesday evening an address on "Training the Mind" was delivered by Hon. S. D. Beals.

     Thursday forenoon a telegram was read from A. L. Hopkins of the St. Joseph & Council Bluffs Railroad. "The managers of this road very kindly offer a free pass to all teachers attending the state teachers' convention."

     The question drawer was opened and the following questions read:

     First question--Is not a national school system necessary to the perfect development of our public schools?

     Second--Should the Bible be taught in our public schools?

     Third--Should the legislature enact a law compelling parents to send their children to school, between the ages of eight and sixteen?

     Fourth--How shall we examine a teacher in point of moral character?

     Fifth--By what method may teachers best promote self-culture and mutual advancement?

     After consideration of the second question, the following resolution was adopted:

     "Resolved, That we favor the devotional reading of the Bible in the public schools."

     Thursday afternoon the discussion concerning "The Proper Distribution of the State School Funds" was opened by L. A. Walker of Omaha, and followed by Senator Tipton and Mr. Wolford.

     The following report of the committee on resolutions was received:

     "Whereas, we believe the healthful growth and perpetuity of our republic depends wholly upon the intelligence, the patriotism and the virtue of the people; therefore be it

     "Resolved, That each state should extend the benefits of free schools to all its children, and that textbooks should be furnished at public expense to all pupils too poor to purchase them.

      "Resolved, That while we would ignore party politics in the school room, we believe the principles and forms of our government should be truly and fully explained, and pupils should be led to regard and obey the constitution of the United States as the supreme law of the land.

     "Resolved, That the national flag should be a part of the furniture of the school room, that it should be used at all public exercises of the school, and that devotion to it should be diligently cultivated by the teacher.

     "Resolved, That we consider our state normal school an institution that is deserving of the influence and hearty co-operation of every friend of education throughout the state, and that we recommend the legislature to provide accommodations so that a greater number of our

teachers may avail themselves of its valuable instruction and influence.

      "Resolved, That teachers in all departments below the grammar school in graded schools should be examined in the same branches and their certificates graded according to their standing. Taking 100 for the standard, if the result of an examination reaches 90, the candidate should receive a first grade; between 70 and 90, a second grade; and between 50 and 70, a third grade certificate.

     "Resolved, That further legislation in regard to the manner of Investing and appropriating the state school fund derived from the sale of school lands is demanded; that the present law authorizing said funds to be invested in state and national securities at 6 per cent interest is, to say the least, unwise; that the fund ought, so far as practicable, to be distributed to the several counties and placed in charge of county authorities or some special commissioners la each county to be loaned on good and sufficient real estate security with interest at not less than 10 per cent per annum, and especially for the benefit of school districts to aid in the erection and furnishing of school houses.

     "Resolved, That the policy of selling school lands in the manner which the present law provides is, in effect, an improvident waste of the heritage of the future youth of the state, and in the opinion of this association the laws authorizing any further sale of school lands in the state ought to be repealed, and laws adopted providing only for the lease of school lands on long time at a rental equal to the interest on the appraised value of the lands.

     "Resolved, That in the opinion of this association the plan of opening the state university upon a university basis is entirely impractical, and is likely to be for some time to come; and while we believe it well to lay the foundation for such an institution upon the broadest basis, with a view of making it as complete and extensive as our abundant means will warrant; yet, in view of the fact that the proper establishment of such an institution must be to a certain extent the work of time, that it must grow and be developed by being fed and nourished by the subordinate schools, we deem it important that the more earnest efforts should be directed toward the establishment of preparatory schools in the state, and that for the present the true policy is to organize only the preparatory departments of the university."

     The next in order was the report of the committee on a state educational journal. The report was received and the following adopted:

     "Resolved, That we recommend to the association that a teachers' Journal be established in the state of Nebraska."

     Among other resolutions unanimously adopted by the association was the following:

     "Resolved, That the thanks of this association be extended to the St. Joseph & Council Bluffs Railroad and the Brownville Transfer Company for aid and encouragement they have afforded to members by furnishing transportation at reduced rates."

     Before adjournment, the association adopted the following resolution:

     "That the matter of establishing a state teachers' journal be placed In charge of the executive committee, and that the association pledges hearty support to any suitable person who will undertake the enterprise of publishing such journal."

     The following officers were elected: Professor J, M. McKenzie, Peru state normal, president; county superintendents of the state, vice presidents; Miss M. E. Denman, recording secretary; Rev. G. S. Alexander, corresponding secretary; Professor G. A. Miller, treasurer. Executive board: S. D. Beals, O. B. Seagrave, P. M. Martin, G. R. Davis, Mary S. Osborne.

     Treasurer George B. Moore reported $55.75 in the treasury at last session, of which $10.75 had been expended, leaving a balance of $45.

     Sixty-two names were entered on the roll at this meeting.

Lincoln, Neb., August 16-17, 1871.

     Association called to order by the president, Hon. J. M. McKenzie. After devotional exercises, the association proceeded to the election of officers, with the following result: J. M. McKenzie, president; county superintendents, vice presidents; A. M. Ghost of Lancaster, recording secretary; Hon. S. D. Beals, Omaha, corresponding secretary; Mr. Miller of Johnson county, treasurer. Executive committee: H. K. Raymond of Otoe county, Charles C. Creegan of Otoe, Miss V. M. Brown of Otoe, W. Rich of Nemaha, and Lyman Hutchinson of Douglas.

     Professor W. W. W. Jones of Nebraska City delivered an address on the subject of Compulsory Education." This was followed by a general discussion on "The Proper Limits of Parental Control Over the Child in the Common Schools."

      On motion of Chancellor Benton, the state superintendent of public instruction and the county superintendents were appointed a committee to present plans for county institutes. On motion of Professor Creegan, Chancellor Benton was added to this committee.

     Thursday afternoon Mr. R. Foster delivered a lecture upon "The Importance of More Earnest Attention to the Moral Training of Our Common Schools." This was followed by a discussion of the topic, "Is There Need of Any Change of Studies in the Common Schools?" led by Professor Beals.

     In the evening Chancellor Benton addressed the association upon "The State Educational System and the Classics of the University."

     Superintendent Raymond moved that the proposition of Mr. Behm, In regard to devoting a portion of his paper to educational matter, be left with the state superintendent, Chancellor Benton and A. M. Ghost as a committee.

     On motion of Professor Braden this committee, was made the editing committee of the association.

     (The report of this session is very incomplete.)

Lincoln, Neb., July 30-August 1, 1872.

     Association called to order by Hon. J. M. McKenzie, president. After devotional exercises, Dr. Edwards, president of the Illinois State Normal University, addressed the association on the subject of "Free Schools."

     On Wednesday forenoon the constitution was read and new members enrolled. Then followed other routine business.

     President J. M. McKenzie, (state superintendent) delivered the annual address. He gave a general review of the condition and progress of educational matters in the state during the past year, recommended various amendments to the school law, and presented for consideration a cerafully (sic) prepared course of study for the common schools of the state.

     The following officers were elected for the ensuing year: Hon. J. M. McKenzie, president; county superintendents, vice presidents; George E. Church, recording secretary; Rev. J. M. Taggart, corresponding secretary; Superintendent H. K. Raymond, treasurer. Executive committee: C. B. Palmer, A. Nickell, G. B. France, J. B. Bruner and F. J. Ebright.

     A committee was appointed to report on the proper means to be taken to extend the circulation of The Nebraska Teacher, another committee to confer with county superintendents and report on amendments to the school law; another committee on teachers' certificates.

     Wednesday afternoon an address on "Language" was given by Superintendent Huber of Nebraska City. Mrs. F. J. Ebright of Brownville read an essay on "Moral Education," Chancellor H. R. Benton gave an address on "School Discipline."

     Thursday forenoon a motion was carried fixing the date for the next association in December. -

     The association then listened to an address by Dr. A. D. Williams On "The True Work of a Teacher's Institute." Professor Bruner of Omaha presented an essay on "Music."

     The committee on course of study recommended that the course of study prepared by President McKenzie be adopted by the association, that the report be printed and circulated throughout the state, and directors urged to adopt it for their schools. It was so ordered by the association.

     The committee on the Nebraska Teacher made the following report: -

     "First--That the teachers' association of Nebraska adopt the Nebraska Teacher as their organ and recommend it to patronage of all.

     "Second--Recommend the election of a corp of editors, consisting of an editor-in-chief and nine associates, who shall be responsible for original articles statedly. On failure of any to comply, others shall be substituted to fill their places by the executive committee.

     "Third--Urging all teachers and friends of education in the state to furnish the editor-in-chief with educational news from their localities.

     "Fourth--That the county superintendents be requested to act as agents for promoting the circulation of the Teacher, and urge teachers to take it.

     "Fifth--That the teachers of the state be requested to act as agents."

     The following were elected editors: Editor-in-chief, C. B. Palmer of Beatrice; associates, Superintendent Bisbee of Dakota county; Professor Nightingale, Omaha; Chancellor Benton, Lincoln; Superintendent Huber, Nebraska City; President F. J. Morgan, Peru; Superintendent G. B. France, Seward; Mrs. F. J. Ebright, Brownville; N. E. McCarn, Fremont.

     The report of the committee on teachers' certificates was adopted as follows:

     "First--That the third grade certificate be continued for the present, but given only when necessary to keep the schools running, and but twice to the same person.

     "Second--That its phraseology be so changed as to convey in clear terms that for which it vouches.

     "Third--That some means be adopted whereby competent and meritorious teachers may obtain a permanent state certificate."

     Mrs. Sayre of Peru gave an essay on "Incentives to Study." Then followed a discussion on the question, "Resolved, that the county superintendency is the best method for school supervision we can devise." Address by Mr.. Nickell on "School Government."

      The executive committee was requested to report at the next meeting of the association whether it be feasible to hold another state teachers' institute.

Fremont, Neb., December 26-27, 1872.

     Association met in the high school building at 7 p. m., and was called to order by the president, Hon. J. M. McKenzie.

     Following brief devotional exercises, Rev. T. J. Morgan, president of the state normal school, delivered an address upon "The Relation of the Normal School to the Common Schools of the State."

     Proposed amendments to the school law were read, and action taken as follows:

     In the division of property when districts are divided, it was moved and carried "That we recommend the amendment of the law so that the money raised in the district shall be divided in proportion

to the amount paid by each part, and the money received from the state shall be divided on the basis of enumeration of children."

     In the matter of powers and duties of school district officers, It was recommended that the law be so amended, "First, that district officers be required to qualify by taking an oath to perform faithfully all the duties of their office; second, that each school officer shall receive at least $2 per day for time actually employed; third, that district officers failing to perform their duties properly shall be liable to removal from office or other penalty; fourth, that the power to try all eases of this kind, and to remove from office, shall be vested in the county commissioners."

     Concerning the reports of district officers, on motion "it was recommended that the directors' report be made within ton days after the annual meeting, and that the county superintendent have power to call the directors together at the county seat to receive their reports."

     Relative to issuing bonds, "on motion it was recommended that districts be authorized to issue bonds not to exceed 7 per cent of their taxable property."

     "On motion, it was recommended that some provisions be made for condemning land for school purposes when it cannot be obtained in any other way."

     "The records of many districts and counties are being kept upon scraps of paper, which are soon lost, so that it is impossible in many oases to obtain any knowledge of transactions of former years.. Record books should be provided and a complete history of every district preserved,"

     "On motion it was recommended that county treasurers be required to report to the state superintendent the amount of school tax collected from each district."

     "On motion, it was recommended that the county assessor be required to keep a record of the value of property in each district and report the same to the county clerk."

     The question of teachers' certificates was referred to a committee consisting of Chancellor Benton, General Morgan and Superintendent McKenzie.

     The following action was taken relative to teachers' institutes:

     "That county superintendents be authorized to charge a fee of 50 cents for examination, for the support of institutes, and that the state pay the counties $1 for each teacher in attendance at each annual institute; that the schools be closed and teachers paid for their time during the session of the institute."

     On motion, an amendment of the law was recommended so that the state fund shall be apportioned among all the districts in the county, the money of those districts which have not had school according to law to be held by the county treasurer and paid to them when they have complied with the law. Money received from fines, licenses, on billiard tables and for selling liquor to be paid into the hands of

the county treasurer, to be used for school purposes by the districts in which they were levied.

     General Morgan offered the following resolution, which was adopted:

     "Resolved, That it is of prime importance that the course of study In the university, normal school and high schools of the state be so arranged and adjusted as to constitute a uniform system, and that graduates of the normal school and graduates of the high schools be admitted to the freshman class of the university without further examination."

     The Nebraska Teacher was re-endorsed by the association.

     "On motion, Chancellor Benton, General Morgan and Professor Nightingale were appointed a committee to prepare a course of study in accordance with the resolution."

     The election of officers resulted as follows: J. M. McKenzie, president; G. E. Church, recording secretary; S. R. Thompson, corresponding secretary. Executive committee: A. R. Benton, Lincoln; A. F. Nightingale, Omaha: Mrs. C. Fifield, Columbus; W. Rich, Brownville, and A. H. Bush, Meridian.

     On motion, it was decided to meet the following year at Tecumseh.

Tecumseh, Neb., December 23-25, 1873.

     The association met at the court house at 7 p. m., and was called to order by the president, Hon. J. M. McKenzie.

     After the usual devotional exercises, the president gave his annual address which was followed by a general discussion.

     On Wednesday forenoon, C. B. Palmer read a paper on "The Best Method of Managing Teachers' Institutes." Discussion.

     Dr. Williams read a paper on "Object Teaching: Its Place and Value in Nebraska Schools." Discussion.

      In the afternoon Prof. Thompson read a paper on "Agricultural Education." The discussion was opened by His Excellency, Governor Furnas.

     Wednesday evening a committee consisting of Chancellor Benton, State Supt. McKenzie and G. B. France was appointed to draft a petition to the legislature, praying for such pecuniary aid as will enable the state superintendent to carry out with efficiency a series of institutes in each year. The committee was charged with the duty of circulating said petitions for signatures among the teachers, school officers, and friends of education throughout the state and presenting said petition to the legislature at its next session.

     General Morgan addressed the association on "The Professional Qualifications of Teachers." Discussion.

     On Christmas Day, 1873, the association convened in the Masonic Hall. The questions of "Best Methods of Recitation and Instruction," and "Obligatory Education" were discussed.

     The election of officers resulted as follows: Professor A. F. Nightingale, Omaha, president; Supt. J. A. Dempster of Fillmore county, first vice-president; C. B. Palmer, Beatrice, recording secretary; Lydia Bell, Pawnee City, corresponding secretary; H. K. Raymond, Nebraska City, treasurer. Executive committee--General T. J. Morgan, Peru; John H. Kellom, Omaha; A. E. Ross, Plattsmouth; W. Wightman, Tecumseh; S. D. Williams, Kenesaw. Prof. Nightingale then took the chair as president.

     Resolutions were adopted endorsing the state university, the state normal school, the agricultural college, and the county institutes.

     The following resolution was adopted:

     "Resolved, That in the opinion of the association, the interests of education in this state would be enhanced by such a change in the school law as would provide for the election of county superintendents by a convention of the district officers of the county instead of by the general public, as at present."

     Resolutions were adopted endorsing The Nebraska Teacher as conducted by Prof. Palmer.

     Professor Nightingale read a report on "A Course of Study for High Schools," and Chancellor Benton read a report on "The Relation of High Schools to the University."

     The following resolutions were unanimously adopted by the association:

     "Resolved, That we will encourage the organization of county high schools as the connecting link between the common schools and the state university just as soon as the population of the state will warrant their establishment."

     "Resolved, That we approve the purpose of the regents of the University to discontinue the Latin school when it ceases to be a necessity."

     It was agreed to hold the next annual meeting of the association in Omaha, the last week in March or the first week in April, 1875.

Omaha, Neb., March 31, April 1, 1875.

     After the opening addresses and appointments of committees, Prof. J. M. McKenzie read an address on "The Present Condition of Education in the State." Following the address, the following resolution proposed by Chancellor Benton was adopted: "That a committee of three be appointed to take into consideration and report to this association what is desirable to have incorporated into the new constitution on the subject of education."

     Mrs. Ebright of Brownville read a paper on "The Influence of Music."

     Chancellor A. R. Benton read an address on "Moral Education." Professor Thompson addressed the, association on "The Industrial Education of Woman." After a discussion of the latter subject, the

following resolution was adopted: "That a school, designed especially to fit women for the proper industries of life, is demanded by the educational interests of Nebraska."

     On Thursday, April 1, Prof. G. E. Bailey of Lincoln read a paper on "Industrial Drawing," and Hon. S. D. Beals of Omaha presented a paper on the "Order of Development of the Faculties." Professor J. H. Worthern of Nebraska City read a paper on the "Use and Abuse of Oral Instruction." F. M. Williams of Salem read a paper on "County Superintendents." Each of these papers and addresses was discussed in order.

     The association decided to hold the next session at Nebraska City, in about one year.

     On report of the nominating committee, the following officers were elected; Professor C. B. Palmer, president; Rev. Charles Cross, first vice president; Professor C. F. Secord, secretary; Professor A. Nickell corresponding secretary; Professor Bruner, Omaha, treasurer. Executive committee: H. K. Raymond, Professor Worthern, Mrs. Ebright, Professor Jones, Miss Jennie McKoon.

     Superintendent Williams offered the following resolution: "That our school year shall be made to begin on the first Monday of September instead of the first Monday of April, as now."

     The evening session was called to order by the new president, C. B. Palmer.

     The following report of the committee on Constitution was adopted:

     "Resolved, That the school land interests of the state, the sales and lease of all school lands, and general care and supervision, should be entirely under the control of a special state officer or state board.

     "Resolved, That the investment of all school money should be made by a state board, and such investments should be. confined to United States or county securities.

      "Resolved, That while the legislature should have full power to levy a state school tax of not less than one mill on the dollar nor more than two mills for the payment of teachers' wages, it should be forever barred from diverting any portion of the money arising from such a levy to any other purpose, unless it be expressly so stated in the levy.

     "Resolved, That our new Constitution should contain nothing that will in any way hinder the present system of distribution of the state school fund.

     "Resolved, That the Constitution should make provision for a. state educational department and county superintendency.

     "Resolved, That while we favor the adoption of every reasonable measure that will aid in assuring to every child opportunities for obtaining a good education, yet we do not deem it advisable that anything should be inserted in our new Constitution making compulsory education necessary to our educational system."

     Treasurer's report showed total receipts, $53.75, with $9 from dues and $19.00 on membership; expenditures $53.75; with no cash balance. This indicates an attendance of 37.

Nebraska City, March 28-30, 1876.

     The Nebraska State Teachers' Association held its Tenth Annual session at Nebraska City, March 28-30. The severe storm of the 27th kept away many who had intended to be present, and the attendance from abroad was therefore not very large; but the meeting was nevertheless successful in every respect, and in the quality of the exercises has never been excelled. As the proceedings are to be published in full, it is not worth while to speak particularly of the many subjects and interesting papers presented. The one which attracted the greatest attention, and was acknowledged by all present to be of superior merit, was that of Miss Eva Darling, of Brownville, on the "Educational Value of Art." Professor Beals, who certainly would not go out of his way to give an undeserved compliment, characterized it as the "finest and most finished of all the papers I ever heard in a Nebraska State Teachers' Association."

     Professor Thompson's paper on the "Best Method of Electing County Superintendents," in which he presented extracts from letters from twenty leading American educators, representing thirteen states, giving their views on this subject,--was the clinching argument In favor of the Pennsylvania plan of electing superintendents by a county convention of district school officers. Only one of the twenty favored election by a direct vote of the people, The association passed a resolution favoring the method advocated by Prof. Thompson.

     Chancellor Benton's paper advocating the establishment of secondary schools as feeders to the University, also elicited much interest, and a committee, consisting of Professors Rich of Brownville, Jones of Lincoln, and Wightman of Plattsmouth, was appointed to consider the subject, and report at the next meeting.

     The officers elected for the ensuing year are as follows: President, C. B. Palmer; vice president, Charles Cross; secretary, C. F. Secord; treasurer, J. B. Bruner; executive committee, S. R. Thompson, H. G. Wolcott, J. H. Mockett, and Sarah S. Hawley.

     The next session will be held at Fremont, the last Tuesday in March, 1877.

Fremont, Neb., March 27-29, 1877.

     Association called to order by the president, C. B. Palmer. Following the devotional exercises, the association listened to an address

by Chancellor Fairfield of the state university on "Learning and Labor."

     On Wednesday forenoon the president delivered his annual address. Miss Marie Sawyer of Lincoln read a paper upon the subject, "Progress." General discussion of the topic, "How May the Condition of Education in the State be Improved?"

     In the afternoon session Miss Clara Albertson of Schuyler read an essay on "Oratory or Teaching." After recess Professor W. E. Wilson of Palmyra read a paper upon the subject, "Some Things an American May Learn from European Schools."

     The president appointed the following committees on courses of study for high schools: Professor Wightman of Fremont, Professor Wright of Schuyler, and Professor Blake of Saline county.

     Miss M. M. Elcock of Dakota City read a paper on "The Garden of the Heart." Dr. Curry of the state normal school delivered an address on the subject, "Special Education."

     The report of the nominating committee was adopted and the following officers elected: Professor A. R. Wightman of Dodge county, president; J. H. Mockett of Cuming county, vice president; W. W. W. Jones of Lancaster county, recording secretary; Professor W. Wright of Colfax county, corresponding secretary; H. N. Blake of Saline county, treasurer. Executive committee: Dr. A. D. Williams of Adams county; Dr. Robert Curry of Nemaha county; Henry Nunn of Hall county; J. E. Cochran of York county; Miss M. M. Elcock of Dakota county. Immediately following the election of officers, the president-elect was conducted to the chair.

     Mrs. H. G. Wolcott read a paper on "Marking and Reporting." President A. R. Wightman read a paper entitled, "The County Superintendent--How He Can Be Made More Effective." Professor Williams followed with a paper on "The Best Method of Electing County Superintendents."

      Treasurer's report showed total receipts of $121 including dues and membership fees for 1877, of $57; expenditures $80.05, with a cash balance of $40.95.

Lincoln, Neb., March 27-29, 1878.

     The association assembled in the chapel of the university, the president, A. R. Wightman of Fremont, being absent, Dr. Curry of the Peru state normal was called to the chair.

     On motion of Professor Thompson, it was ordered that the chairman of the executive committee hereafter make the reply to the address of welcome.

     The discussion of township organization was opened by Professor Jones.

     During the evening session, Professor Collier of the university entertained the association with a highly instructive and interesting

lecture concerning the properties of water, interspersing his remarks with ninny beautiful experiments.

     On Thursday forenoon Miss M. L. Kirk of Hastings read a paper on "True Teaching." Chancellor Fairfield delivered an address on "Government in Higher Schools."

     In the afternoon a paper was read by Professor J. Goehring on "Shall the County Superintendency be Retained?" The discussion on the county superintendency was extremely weak on the negative, as even those who were willing to urge objections to the system thought it the most efficient plan in use.

     The following resolution was unanimously adopted:

     "Resolved, That it is the sense of this association that an efficient county superintendency is the best agency in promoting the interests of education in Nebraska. and that this efficiency can be reached by elevating the standard of qualification."

     The question of higher education in public schools was discussed by Professor Palmer, Chancellor Fairfield, and Superintendent Lamb. On motion, Chancellor Fairfield, Professors Jones and Blake were appointed a committee to consider and propose a plan for fitting the common find high schools to prepare pupils for higher education, without interfering with the other objects of the common schools.

     Thursday evening the association listened to an address by Hon. O. P. Mason. Superintendent Weaverling of Gage county followed with an address on "The Relation of the Parent and Teacher."

     The following report of the committee on nominations was then adopted: S. R. Thompson, president; A. L. Wigton, Hastings, first vice president; W. H. Lengel of Dawson county, recording secretary; Belle 80-State Supt. Ferguson of Grand Island, corresponding secretary; H. N. Blake of Beatrice, treasurer. Executive committee: C. B. Palmer, Lincoln; Mrs. Curry, Peru; D. B. Stone, Peru state normal; James Bruner, Omaha; A. R. Wightman, Fremont.

     On Friday morning, Superintendent Thompson addressed the association on the subject of Reform Schools.

     Professor Thompson, president-elect, was called to the chair.

     After some discussion the executive committee were recommended to call the next annual meeting at Kearney.

     The following resolutions were passed unanimously:

     "That we earnestly urge the legislature of the state to place the guardianship of the teachers' profession in the hands of professional teachers, by providing for the examination of applicants for first grade state certificates by a committee of teachers of that grade, which certificates shall continue in force the greatest number of years contemplated by law.

     "Resolved, That in the judgment of this association, it is desirable that the courses of study in all high schools and higher institutions of the state should be so arranged that the transition from the high

school to the normal school and university should be easy and natural, as far as such an arrangement can be made, without interfering with the more general work belonging to the high school."

     The treasurer's report showed total receipts $79.45, including $34.50 membership fees for 1878; expenditures $7.50, with a cash balance of $71.95.

Hastings, Nebraska, March 25-27, 1879.

     The association convened on March 25, 7:30 p. m., with the president, Professor Thompson, in the chair.

     After the opening prayer, music was rendered by Professor P. B. Worley's singing class of the state normal school.

     After the address of welcome and the response, Dr. Curry of the Peru state normal school delivered an address on "Education, It's Nature, Object, and Accomplishments."

     Upon the convening of the association on March 26, Professor C. D. Rakestraw, principal, of Central Normal School, Genoa, read a paper on "Normal Training for Teachers," followed by a discussion of the subject.

     Professor McKenzie being absent teaching at Brownville, his paper on "High Schools" was read by Professor Palmer, followed by a general discussion. From the foregoing discussion, it appearing that there are various objections urged against the high schools, on motion a committe of five was ordered appointed by the president to inquire into the cause of the alleged objections, suggest remedies, and prepare a course of study for high schools, and report at the next session of the association.

      The afternoon session opened with a paper by Professor H. H. Nicholson of the state normal school on "Natural History in the Common School."

     After the appointment of the committee on nominations, Professor A. R. Wightman of Fremont read a paper on "Spelling Reform."

     The evening session was devoted to the address on "Berlin and Its Schools" by Professor Church of the state university.

     The session on March 27 opened with a miscellaneous discussion in which the members of the association participated freely.

     A motion prevailed authorizing the high school committee to issue circulars for obtaining statistics in regard to the high school system.

     Moved by Prof. Church and seconded by Prof. Palmer, "That this association make provision for a lecture from some eminent and leading educator in the east, but not incur any indebtedness."

     The following officers were elected for the ensuing year: Dr. Robt. Curry, Peru, president; Superintendent T. L. Dixon, Crete, vice president; C. D. Rakestraw, Genoa, recording secretary; Miss R. E. Jones, Hastings, corresponding secretary; H. N. Blake, Beatrice,

treasurer. Executive committee: A. R. Wightman, Fremont; H. H. Nicholson, Peru; W. E. Wilson, Tekamah; Mrs. B. K. Bishop, Bellevue; Miss Mattie Hawley, Lincoln.

     President Perry of Doane College delivered a lecture on "The Metric System."

     Among other resolutins (sic) adopted by the association was the following with regard to "Literary Notes" edited by Mr. L. B. Fifield, of Kearney:

     "Resolved, That this convention recognize the valuable services to the cause of education in Nebraska rendered by the 'Literary Notes,' and that this worthy exponent of western educational enterprise be earnestly recommended to the support of teachers and friends of education."

     Treasurer's report showed total receipts of $71.9 including membership fees of $42.00, expenditures $11.80, with cash balance of $102.15.

Seward, Neb., March 30, April 1, 1880.

     Association was called to order by the president, Dr. Robert Curry. The music was rendered by the Seward Musical Association. After the address of welcome and response, President Curry delivered an address on "The Earth as a Model School."

     The morning session on the 31st was addressed by Principal C. H. Crawford of Omaha on "A Course of Study from Real Life." Prof. Scott of Omaha read a paper on the subject of "Grading in the Public Schools." After music, Miss Jessie E. Bain of Peru read a paper on "Some Requisites to Successful Teaching."

     Mr. Bohner made the following motion, viz.: "Moved, That a committee of three be appointed to consider the subject of annexing all county teachers' associations as auxiliaries to and branches of the State Teachers' Association." Carried, and the following appointed as committee, viz.. Geo. W. Bohner, J. D. Messinger, H. S. Bowers.

     The following committee was appointed to consider the subject. of teachers' state certificates. Hon. S. R. Thompson, Professor Aughey, Hon. J. M. McKenzie, Professor W. E. Wilson, Mrs. M. G. F. Blake, Professor Crawford, Miss A. E. Daily.

     At the afternoon session Professor Edward Thompson of York read a paper on "The Pictures We Make," which was followed by a paper on "Industrial Drawing" by Miss Eleanor Kingsley of Lincoln.

     After a short recess L. W. Shryock of Ashland read a paper on "Aims. and Methods of Study."

     The evening session was called to order by the president. After music by the Seward Musical Association, Professor C. C. Stearns of Doane College delivered a lecture on "The Mediterranean and Its Surroundings."

     Thursday forenoon, Professor Aughey of the state university lectured on "The Geology of Seward County." Professor C. D. Wilbur then "gave a lecture on 'The Physical Geography of Nebraska' in the course of which he exhibited his chart, 'The Calendar of Nebraska." (April Fool.)"

     Professor J. J. Fleharty not being present, the subject "How Can Our Schools be made more Effective," was thrown open for discussion, which was opened by Professor Wilbur.

     Principal A. L. Funk of Red Cloud, then read a paper on "Oral Instruction as Tested by Actual Experience."

     The report of the committee on high schools and the report of the committee on the course of study for high schools were laid on the table.

     Professor H. H. Wilson read a paper on "The State as an Educator.

     Moved and carried, that the executive committee be instructed to have the constitution of the association printed in pamphlet form and distributed to its members.

     The following resolutions submitted by the committee on closer organization was adopted:

     "That this institute recognizes and acknowledges all county teachers' associations of the state as auxiliaries to, and branches of the state teachers' organization, but not in full membership thereof until first complying with the constitution and laws.

     "That the secretary shall correspond with the presidents of county associations with the view of co-operation, and procure the names of all officers belonging thereto, and report the same at the next annual meeting of this association."

     The committee on state certificates presented a majority and a minority report. After considerable discussion the minority report was adopted, as follows:

      "Any teacher having 'taught three years, and teaching in the state, may apply to the state superintendent for a certificate for the grade of work he has been doing. Before granting the certificate, the superintendent shall satisfy himself that the applicant is of good moral character, is a successful teacher, and that teaching is his business. In case the superintendent is not able to know these things from personal observation, he shall secure information from persons of known integrity and judgment, who are, or can become, acquainted with the teacher's, character and work."

     The following officers were elected for the succeeding year: Professor S. Aughey, Lincoln, president; Professor H. H. Nicholson, Peru, recording secretary; Miss Elsie DeCou, Palmyra, corresponding secretary; Professor H. N. Blake, Beatrice, treasurer. Executive committee: Dr. Robert. Curry, Peru; W. H. Scott, Omaha. W. E. Wilson, North Platte; Mrs. H. N. Blake, Beatrice; Miss Eleanor Kingsley, Lincoln.

     Moved and carried that the next association be held the last three days of March, 1881.

     The following resolutions were adopted:

     "Resolved, That the executive committee be and is hereby instructed to procure the services of Dr. A. D. Mayo, of Massachusetts, for a lecture at the next meeting of the association, if it can b done without involving the association in debt.

     "Resolved further, that we heartily commend Prof. Aughey's recent work on the physical geography and geology of Nebraska as a valuable textbook and book of reference.

     "Finally, Be it resolved, That we recognize in Literary Notes, published at Kearney by L. B. Fifield, an educational journal of which we are justly proud, and we hereby commend it to every 'teacher and every member of a board of education as a quite indispensable adjunct in his work."

     The closing session of the association was called to order by the new president, Professor Aughey. Mrs. O. C. Dinsmoor of Omaha was then introduced and delivered a lecture on "Physiology."

     After numerous toasts and happy responses, the association adjourned.

     Treasurer reported total receipts $154.15, including membership fees for 1880 of $50, expenditures $31.30, with balance on hand of $122.35.

Omaha, Neb., March 29-31, 1881.

     The association convened in the Masonic Hall. The president, Professor Samuel Aughey being absent, Professor J. H. Kellom of Omaha was elected president protem.

     Hon. B. E. B. Kennedy of Omaha delivered the address of welcome. In place of the inaugural address, Superintendent Geo. B. Lane of the Omaha city schools read a paper on "The Essential Elements in Education."

     The following morning the association met in the high school building, with President Aughey in the chair.

     Principal C. J. Davis of Hastings read a paper on "The Place of History in the Common Schools," which was discussed at length.

     Miss E. C. Casey of North Platte then read a very interesting paper entitled "What Educates." This was followed by discussion.

     A committee of three, consisting of Professor J. M. McKenzie Professor W. E. Wilson and Superintendent Lane, was appointed by the president to revise the constitution of the association.

     At the evening session Professor Bennet of Omaha made a few remarks on music, followed by an illustration of his method of teaching the same to small children.

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