During the campaign of 1870 the Advertiser was published daily for a few months.
   The Nebraska Advertiser, which is still published at Nemaha, Nemaha county, having passed the half century mark, is said to be the oldest continuous publication in Nebraska, an honor which would belong to the Nebraska City News but for a slight break in 1870 when the News, for a time, lost its identity in the Times. The News, however, has been published in one place, while the Advertiser has had a migratory existence, but always within Nemaha county. The present publisher and editor is W. W. Sanders.
   The Nemaha Valley Journal was first issued at Nemaha City in the last week of November, 1857, by Seymour Belden as editor and publisher. It was democratic in politics. It was removed from Nemaha City to Brownville in 1859, but did not long survive. The material was purchased by the publishers of the Advertiser, and the office again removed to Nemaha City. Another attempt to publish the Nemaha Valley Journal was made in Brownville by Hill and Blackburn in 1867, but at the end of four months the material was removed to Falls City. In April, 1869, W. S. Blackburn sold a half interest in the Journal to W. S. Stretch, who became the sole owner the following fall. In March, 1870, E. R. Cunningham purchased an interest in the paper and became its editor until the spring of 1871. In June, 1872, the Journal was sold to Weaver and Fulton, but a month later Mr. Stretch resumed control, and in September, 1874, it was sold to Rich and Hamlin, and was consolidated with the Globe in 1875.
   The Aspinwall Journal, of which Dr. Andrew S. Holladay and John H. Maun were publishers, was removed to Brownville in 1861, and its publication continued for a few months under the name of the Journal, when the establishment passed into the hands of the publishers of the Advertiser, and the material was sold and taken to Illinois.
   In September, 1860, a four-column daily paper entitled the Bulletin was issued from the Advertiser office, but proving unprofitable it was suspended in January, 1861.
   In 1857 Chester S. Langdon and Goff commenced the publication of the daily Snort, which was short-lived.
   The first agricultural journal in Nebraska was issued as the Nebraska Farmer, by Robert W. Furnas, in January, 1860, and it was published about three years.
   Governor Furnas discontinued the Nebraska Farmer after 1861, or at least published it only intermittently after that date, and finally disposed of the publication to J. C. McBride of Lincoln, who in turn sold it to O. M. Druse. In 1886 Harvey E. Heath purchased the entire plant and soon after changed it to a semimonthly, and in 1888 to a weekly. In 1898 the Nebraska Farmer was moved to Omaha and consolidated with the Western Stockman and Cultivator. H. F. McIntosh was made editor with a one-third interest in the paper. In 1902 the Nebraska Farmer Co. was incorporated with a capital stock of $30,000 fully paid up. About this time George W. Hervey became associate editor, and the following year editor-in-chief, continuing in this position until July 31, 1905.
   George W. Fairbrother and Theodore C. Hacker began the publication of the Nebraska Herald at Nemaha City, November 24, 1859, with the former as editor, later assisted by Reuel Noyes. It was a republican paper, and was continued about two years, and called itself "the only republican paper in Nemaha county."
   In May, 1861, the Union was started at Aspinwall by Dr. Andrew S. Holladay and John H. Maun, but the office was removed to Brownville after the first issue, and the paper was absorbed by the Advertiser.
   In 1857 Martin Stowell, who had been sent to Kansas as an agent of the free state party, went to Peru, Nebraska, and started a small monthly paper. The paper was printed abroad and had no local circulation or support. No copies of it have been found of late years, and its name even has been forgotten.
   The Peru Times was published by the same man in 1860, as a campaign paper, but nothing further is known of it.
   A few years later an effort was made to publish at Peru a monthly known as the Or-

chardist, in the interest of horticulturists and fruit growers, but only a few numbers were issued. In 1866 a campaign paper, printed in Brownville with a Peru date line, was issued for two months, but no regular newspaper succeeded in establishing a permanent home in Peru during the territorial period.
   The first paper in Richardson county, the Rulo Western Guide, was owned by the Rulo Town and Ferry Company, and edited by Abel D. Kirk and F. M. Barrett. It first appeared in May, 1858, and exactly one year later was purchased by Kirk and Chas. A. Hergesheimer. The latter had served as a "devil" on the paper from the date of its first issue. It was suspended about the beginning of the Civil war, but was resurrected in 1864, as the Nebraska Register, and continued until 1869, when it was sold to H. A. Buell, who disposed of it to Samuel Brooks. He continued it for two years, then removed it to Salem, where it was soon after discontinued.
    The Broad Axe of Falls City, owned by Major J. Edward Burbank and edited by Sewall R. Jamison, made its first appearance in November, 1858. This was the successor of a paper of the same name which bad been published at Richmond, Indiana, three years before, by the same men. Its motto was "Hew to the line, let the chips fall where they may" -- "There is a divinity which shapes our ends, rough hew them as we will." Jamison was succeeded in November, 1860, by J. D. Irwin of Ohio, and in the summer of 1861 Mr. Burbalik retired. The Broad Axe passed into the hands of a firm known as L. B. Prouty & Company, and was by them sold to J. J. Marvin, who changed the name to Southern Nebraskian. The Broad Axe was resurrected in July, 1862, by the Falls City Broad Axe Company. The paper was next bought by the town lot company of Arago, and published by N. O. Pierce. About this time the plant was used by Mr. Saxe in issuing a paper printed in both German and English. Among other publishers following in rapid succession were C. L. Mather, G. A. Hill, E. L. Martin, Mettz & Sanderson, and H. A. Buell. Mettz & Sanderson bought the English type of the town lot company in 1871. This material was sold to V. M. Barrett, who removed it to Falls City, where it was used in publishing the Times. After a brief existence this paper was sold to Scott & Webster, who finally sold their material to Ed. W. Howe, of the Little Globe.
   The Little Globe was established in 1873 by Ed. W. Howe, now publisher of the Atchison (Kansas) Globe. The following appeared in the prospectus: "Little, but O Lord! Prospectus of the Globe (the Little) a journal of the third class, to be published every Saturday, at Falls City, Neb. The Little Globe will be intensely local and as independent as a hog on ice. . . We hope to bless this town." This announcement was signed "The meekest of men, Ed. W. Howe." After about a year the Little Globe was discontinued, but appeared again in August, 1875, with the same motto, and a short time later was consolidated with the Nemaha Valley Journal under the title of the Globe Journal.
   The first paper in Plattsmouth, the Plattsmouth Jeffersonian, appeared early in 1857, published by L. D. Jeffries, assisted by J. D. Ingalls, to whom Jeffries later sold his interest. Turner M. Marquett was for a time its editor. The paper was soon discontinued.
   In 1857 Charles W. Sherfey started the Platte Valley Times at Plattsmouth, bringing the press from Burlington, Iowa. This paper was published for a short time, and then sold to Alfred H. Townsend who removed it to Pacific City, Iowa. Sherfey went to Nebraska City, where he later established the People's Press. In the latter part of 1858 Alfred H. Townsend removed the material with which he had been publishing the Platte Valley Times at Pacific City, Iowa, to Plattsmouth, where he published it under the name of the Platte Valley Herald until March, 1862, when he removed the plant to Central City, Colorado.
   The Platte Valley Times was established at Bellevue, August 1, 1862, by Charles N. Sturgress. The name of Henry T. Clarke appeared as editor. It was democratic in politics and known to have been published as late as October 27, 1864.
   Elijah Giles established the Cass County

Sentinel at Rock Bluffs City at the end of October, 1857. It was removed to Plattsmouth in the spring of 1859, where Giles issued it for a few months, and then sold the plant to Joseph I. Early, who started the Democratic Times, which had a short life. The Sentinel was still being published as late as January, 1863.
   In February, 1865, Hiram D. Hathaway issued the first number of the Nebraska Herald at Plattsmouth, which he published until March, 1872. He then became associated with the Nebraska State Journal at Lincoln, and sold the Herald to John A. McMurphy, who published it for several years as a republican paper. In 1871, under the management of Hathaway, the Nebraska Herald was issued as a daily.
   The first number now to be found of the DeSoto Pilot bears date of July 11, 1857, vol. 1, no. 12. John E. Parish was then editor and proprietor, and by September 12th of the same year he had been succeeded by Zaremba Jackson.
   The Nebraska Pioneer was published at Cuming City, and no. 25, vol. 1, appears under date of December 24, 1857, with Lewis M. Kline as editor and publisher.
   The Cuming City Star, vol. 1, no. 14, appears June 19, 1858, with Albert W. Merrick, publisher, and H. Nell Maguire, editor.
   The Washington County Sun, published at De Soto, was begun in 1858 by Potter C. Sullivan.
   The Nebraska Enquirer, DeSoto, vol. 1, no. 5, under date of August 18, 1859, had for editors and proprietors Albert W. Merrick and R. Winegar. In September Mr. Winegar's name was dropped, and Merrick appeared as editor and proprietor until succeeded by Hugh McNeely, April 26, 1860. A. W. Merrick again assumed control of the paper in the spring of 1861.
   The Pioneer and Star were published at Cuming City and the Enquirer and Pilot at DeSoto. Both towns were in Washington county. The Pioneer, Star, and Pilot were democratic. The Enquirer supported the republican ticket. Mr. Kline, editor of the Enquirer, was also a lawyer and mayor of Cuming City. Among the advertisements in the paper in 1857 were those of Thomas B. Cuming and John C. Turk, and of Root (Allen) & Cozad, lawyers and real estate agents at Omaha. It is stated in the issue of December 24, 1857, that thus far the winter had been very mild. There had been very little frost or snow and even the little creeks were not frozen. In the Enquirer in 1859 are advertisements of Thomas P. Kennard, lawyer at De Soto; Joseph W. Paddock, dealer in boots and shoes at Omaha; Abram Castetter, real estate and collection agent, De Soto; and W. N. Byers & Company announce that they will publish the weekly Rocky Mountain News, on or about the 1st of April, from some point in or near the mining (Pike's Peak) region. Advertisements of the leading magazines were commonly published in these frontier journals, and as neither the ten-cent monthlies nor any prototype of them had yet appeared, the taste for heavy reading was apparently more common then than now. The publishers of the Atlantic Monthly announce in the Enquirer that they "have commenced the publication of a new magazine," and they promise a list of contributors which could not be matched today, and, furthermore, in competition with our ten-cent competitors, would not be much read today: Prescott, Emerson, Bryant, Longfellow, Hawthorne, Whittier, Holmes, Lowell, Motley, Edwin R. Whipple, and Edmund Quincy!
   Civilized settlement, and so substantial building, were in their childhood in Nebraska at this time, and the obtrusive newness of things must have been oppressive and discouraging to those of antiquarian humor. But Zaremba Jackson, editor of the Pilot, could read in the prostrate pillars of the yet uncompleted capitol suggestions of the Acropolis or the fragmentary architecture of the Nile. "The fixed gaze of the admiring beholder is only broken by a view of the fallen columns of the Capitol, whose scattered fragments and half-standing pedestals give it the appearance of some ancient ruins." The imposing ruins were soon after sold as scrap iron for the benefit of the territorial treasury by secretary J. Sterling Morton.

   The Nebraska Advertiser of April 28, 1859, as a retort to assumptions of superiority by the Nebraskian and the News, boasts that "we have published it now near three years, during which time it has in no instance failed to appear regularly on publication day, and has issued a half sheet but once, and that on account of an accident. Can either of 'the two papers in Nebraska' say as much? Not by a long way!"
   The violence of the political partisanship of the leading territorial newspapers is amazing to those familiar with the usually urbane organs, merely tinted with partisanship, of the present day. The roughness of the pioneer papers was of course characteristic of their class everywhere and largely due to the lack of restraint which is natural and peculiar to frontier societies. But this quality was exaggerated in the journalism of Nebraska's territorial life by two distinct sectional controversies, one local, the other national, but coöperative in producing strife. The North Platte and South Platte strife began over the capital question at the political beginning of the territory and did not subside until the capital question subsided, just after the completion of the territorial period. The territorial life of Nebraska was also contemporaneous with the most intense period of the passions stirred up by the differences which led immediately to the Civil war, which were further excited by the war itself, and which, in part by their own unspent force, but largely by selfish partisan design, were kept alive and pre served after its close . . . The rancor of these territorial journalists, then, is explicable, but their unbridled exhibition of it is surprising by the test of discretion or expediency, regardless of the perhaps less appropriate standard of good manners or even good morals. This stricture is especially applicable to the violent anti-administration if not positively pro-southern tone of the democratic press for several years before the Civil war, during its progress, and after its close. Such a policy would obviously serve to weaken and attenuate the party as it no doubt actually did.
   But these verbal aggressions of the democratic leaders were more than matched by violent action on the other side. Dr. Geo. L. Miller's campaign for delegate to Congress in 1864, against P. W. Hitchcock, the republican candidate, was a round of mob violence in the South Platte section. There was a deliberate attempt to break up his meeting at Nebraska City when he criticized the negro policy of the administration; and the click of pistols was an audible response to J. Sterling Morton's insistence that the speaker should be heard. At Salem Dr. Miller slept at the home of Dr. Brooke under a guard of shotguns, and this experience was repeated at other places in those southern counties. He was practically mobbed at Brownville, and it was impossible for him to gain a hearing. He was warned not to go to Pawnee City as his life would be in danger; and when he arrived there he was refused admission to the hotel. Many of his friends were threatened with personal violence and destruction of their property if they should vote for him. jealous opposition of the leaders of his own party in Douglas county aided in making this campaign one of extraordinary strenuousness, even for a frontier country, and put the candidates' staying qualities to the severest test.
   The council of the first and second assemblies refused to appropriate money to supply the members with the territorial newspapers, but the federal government appropriated $150 for supplying territorial newspapers to each of the forty-eight members and the two chief clerks of the fifth assembly. The following resolution was adopted by the lower house of the first territorial legislature, January 18, 1855: "Resolved, that a copy of every newspaper published in the territory of Nebraska be furnished to each member of this House weekly during the session." February 15tb following, J. W. Richardson of Dodge county introduced the following: "Resolved, that the chief clerk of this House be instructed to inform the editors of the 'Chronotype' and 'Palladium' that no more copies of their papers will be allowed members of this House at the public expense, on account of the fact that they have given false reports of the proceedings of this House, and have villified mem-

bers of this House and the present chief executive of this territory." The resolution was laid over under the rules, but was taken up the same day on motion of A. J. Poppleton, and was adopted, ayes 15, nays 4. Hascall C. Purple then introduced the following: "Resolved, by the House, of Representatives of Nebraska, that the 'Nebraska City News' be excluded from this House." William D. Hail of Nebraska City moved to amend by inserting the "Nebraskian," after which both the original motion and the amendment went to the table by a vote of 11 to 9. The house of the third assembly supplied each of its members with five copies of the papers of the territory. Perhaps because they felt that they had little to spare, these early legislatures were particular in preventing and resenting attacks on their good name; but the sixth legislature had made some progress toward the present conception and practice of free criticism of legislative bodies.