necessity, or both. In any event, not premeditated. It seems to have been born of the necessity in cities like New York and Chicago, where the lofty buildings began to make dark caverns of the streets and city ordinances became necessary to provide an ever-increasing "setback" as the buildings assumed loftier and loftier proportions. And, lo and behold! It suddenly dawned upon artists that this method of construction greatly improved the beauty and symmetry of the structure and as a result of it we have such buildings as the Tribune building, of Chicago, and the new State Capitol of Nebraska as the forerunners of a new and purely American culture.

   Now we have observed that the finest examples of landscape that we find in the vicinity of our cities are the golf courses and, strange to say, these were never laid out for the primary purpose of creating landscape but were created for the sole purpose of providing nine or eighteen, (as the case may be) fairways that the player might have an unobstructed view between his tee and his flag. The net result of which was to create the kind of a picture that I have just described to you with the flag for the central figure, supported on either side by trees or shrubs or drives or creeks or any other natural work of not sufficient note to detract from the central feature.

   Now to apply my interpretation of what a picture is or whit a picture ought to be; by like rules, to a landscape, or what a landscape should be:

   I. A landscape should have a well-defined and well wrought boundary which would answer as the artistic frame to our picture; and, first of all, I might say suggestively that a street or streets can never be adequate boundaries for a landscape, for the very simple reason that its creator may not control the vista on the other side. A thicket, a river or a screen of shrubs or trees might answer for a boundary or, where the necessities of the case require, a landscape may be bounded by a half block of ground surrounding it and facing it, the construction and planting thereon being planned for framing purposes. In other words, the first rule governing the creation of a landscape is that no matter where within the enclosure the observer may stand he may not be permitted to see an objectionable thing from an artistic point of view.

   II. The second important objective that one should seek to acquire is that there be no possible avenue of approach or entry into our landscape scheme through which an objectionable view could be had, and from every important avenue of approach the builder should strive to present to the observer a picture complete in itself with a central feature (preferably some monumental building) supported on either side by plantings or lesser structures that may serve to accentuate the view.

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