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BULL RUN (first), July 21, I861—North, General McDowell; killed, 481; South, General Beauregard; killed, 209. Shiloh, April 7, 1862—North, General F. S. Grant; killed, 1,735; South, General Albert Sidney Johnston; killed, 1,728. Seven Pines and Fair Oaks, May 31 and June 1, 1862—North, General George B. McClellan; killed, 890; South, General Joseph E. Johnston; killed, 2,800. Seven Day,'s Battle, June 25 to July 1, 1862—North, General McClellan; South, General Robert E. Lee; killed unknown. Bull Run, August 29-30, 1862—North, General Pope; South, General Lee, no exact estimate. Antietam, September 16 and 17, 1862—North, General McClellan; killed, 2,010; South, General Lee; killed, 3,500. Corinth, October 3-4, 1862—North, General Rosecrans; killed, 315; South, General Van Dorn; killed, 1,423. Perryville, October 8, 1862—North, General Buel; killed, 820; South, General Bragg; killed, 1,300; Fredericksburg, December 11-15, I862—North, General Burnside; killed, 1,128; South, General Lee; killed, 1,200. Murfreesboro, December, 31, 1862; January 1, 1863—North, General Rosecrans; killed, 1,474; South, General Johnston; killed, unknown. Chancellorsville, May 2 and 3, 1863—North, General Hooker; killed, 1,512; South, General Lee; killed, 1,581: Gettysburg, July 1, 2 and 3, 1863—North, General Meade; killed, 2,834; South, General Lee; killd, 3,500. Vicksburg, July 3 and 4, 1863—North, General Grant; killed, 545; South, General Pemberton; killed, unknown. Chickamauga, September, 19 to 23, 1863—North, General Thomas; killed, 1,644; South, General Bragg; killed, 2,389. Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge, November 23 to 25, 1863—North, General Grant; total loss, 4,000; South, General Bragg, total loss, 4,000. The Wilderness, May 5 to 7, 1864—North, General Grant; killed, unknown; South, General Lee; killed, unknown. Spottsylvania, May 8 to 18, 1864—North, General Grant; killed, 2,261; South, General Lee; killed, unknown. Cold Harbor, June 1, 1864—North, General Grant; total loss, 10,000; South, General Lee; total loss, 8,000; Franklin, November 30, 1864—North, General Schofield; killed, 189; South, General Hood; killed, 1,750. Nashville, December 1 to 14, 1864—North, General Thomas total loss 6,500; South, General Hood; total loss, 23,000. Five Forks, April 1, 1865—North, General Grant; total loss, 7,000; South, General Lee; total loss, 15,000. SLEEPING FLOWERS Flower growers have discovered how to produce lilacs in autumn. It is quite a notable achievement, considering how peculiarly they are associated with the springtime, and the way in which it is accomplished is most curious and interesting. In a state of nature the lilac plant requires a period of rest before producing its flowers. That period is the winter, when the cold enforces repose. But it is found that the plant can be cheated into blossoming in autumn by exposing it to the fumes of ether, which put it to sleep for a little while, after which it proceeds to blossom luxuriantly. Florists grow the plants in pots, and in the fall place them, pots and all, in a large box which contains an uncorked bottle of ether. In this manner they are exposed to the ether vapor for 48 hours, the box being air-tight. Sometimes the operation is repeated a few days later. When they come out they are ready to start right in at blossoming, and the conservatory gardener obtains a fine crop of lilacs for the early winter trade. The process sometimes weakens the colors of the flowers, but this does not matter in the case of lilacs, because the kind preferred by florists is the white. THE CLEANEST CITY IN THE WORLD Washington, D. C., said to be the cleanest city in the world, is kept in that condition by the splendid system in vogue in the street cleaning department. At the beginning of 1901, 130 sweeping machines were hired at $6.25 per month, with the understanding that they must be kept in repair, and become the property of the city at the expiration of the year. Previous to the use of these machines, 210 men with hand brooms cleaned a dirty area of 1,565,800 square yards, or 413,765,028 square yards per year, at a cost of $76,429.47. The same force using the machines cleaned a total area of 515,992,920 square yards during the year at a cost of $79,704.46. Thus for the extra expense of $3,264.99 with the machines, an area of 102,227,892 square yards was cleaned in addition to the area previously gone over with hand brooms. The work of cleaning the alleys during the year was performed under a contract at 327/8 cents per thousand square yards. These alleys are cleaned once a week, the schedule for each day being made at the beginning of the year. The total yearly area of 39,290,597 square yards was cleaned at a cost of $12,259.29. During the year, about 14 miles of unpaved streets were sprinkled daily, for 131 days, at a cost of $3,150.27. The total amount of garbage collected during the year amounted to 30,299 tons, on 10,299 tons of which a reduction was made at the rate of 50 cents per ton. This gave to the District of Columbia, with the fines, a total of $5,686.50, to be deducted from the contract rate, leaving a balance of $46,069 to be paid to the contractor. A big saving was made in this department, as the collection for the previous year cost $10,939 more. This year, in place of the former weekly collection, semi-weekly collections are being made, and in some sections three collections are to be made a week. POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES This country began the present century with 80,143,276 inhabitants. At the beginning of the nineteenth century there were 5,308,483 people. In the year 1810, the population was 7,239,881, an increase of 36.28 per cent; in 1820, the population was 9,633,822, an increase of 33.66 per cent; in 1830, it was 12,866,020, an increase of 32.51 per cent; in 1840, it was 17,069,453; an increase of 32.52 per cent; in I850, it was 23,191,876, an increase of 35.83 per cent; in 1860, it was 31,443,321, an increase of 35.11 per cent; in 1870, it was 38,558,371, an increase of 22.65 per cent; in 1880, it was 50,154,783, an increase of 30.08 per cent; in 1890, it was 62,622,250, an increase of about 28 per cent.; in 1900, it was 76,295,220, an increase of 26 per cent, with a fair chance that these figures will be greatly changed before the year 1910. These figures are exclusive of the Islands of Porto Rico, the Hawaiian Islands and the Philippine Islands, which bring about 10,000,000 more people under our dominion. Russia has the most people, but at our rate of increase it will not be many years before this country passes Russia. Another interesting fact is that the Enlish language is spreading twice as rapidly as any other tongue, so that the future promises to the United States the leadership not only in population, but in the number of English speaking people. "CUP DEFENDERS" WORTHLESS FOR CRUISING |